Wireless Sensor Networks : Technology, Protocols, and Applications

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AVAILABLE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 113 5 MHz apart; within this partitioning of the ISM spectrum, channels 1, 6, and 11 (and if available in the regulatory domain, channel 14) do not overlap. These channels (or other sets with similar gaps) can be used so that multiple networks can operate in close proximity without interfering with each other (see Figure 4.6). Wired LAN Internet or WAN Router Firewall Ethernet switch Access Point Access Point f 1 f 6 Access Point Channel MHz f1 f6 f11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 2412 2434 2417 2239 2422 2444 2427 2449 2432 2454 2437 2459 2442 2464 2447 2469 2452 2474 2457 2479 2462 2484 2467 2489 2472 2484 Channel MHz f 11 i ii iii iv v 2412 2413 2413 2414 2414 2415 2415 Power IEEE 802.11b/g IEEE 802.11b/g IEEE 802.11b/g ISM BTBT BT BTBT BT BT BT BT BT Frequency IEEE 802.11b/g frequency f1 1 2 3 4 5 f6 6 7 8 9 10 f11 11 12 13 14 2412 2417 2422 2427 2432 2437 2442 2447 2452 2457 2462 2467 2472 2484 2434 2239 2444 2449 2454 2459 2464 2469 2474 2479 2484 2489 * * Figure 4.6 IEEE 802.11b/g frequency bands, typical topology, and bluetooth interaction.
114 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS TABLE 4.7 IEEE WLAN-Relevant Frequencies in Various Parts of the World Channel MHz U.S. Canada Europe (ETSI) Spain France Japan 1 2412 2 2417 3 2422 4 2427 5 2432 6 2437 7 2442 8 2447 9 2452 10 2457 11 2462 12 2467 13 2472 14 a 2484 a Channel 14, where available, is restricted to 802.11b operation. The spectral mask for 802.11b requires that the signal be at least 30 dB down from its peak energy at 11 MHz from the center frequency and at least 50 dB down from its peak energy at 22 MHz from the center frequency. Note that if the transmitter is sufficiently powerful, the signal can be relatively strong even beyond the 22-MHz point (e.g., a powerful transmitter on channel 6 can easily overwhelm a weaker transmitter on channel 11); in most situations, however, the signal in a given channel is sufficiently attenuated to interfere only minimally with a transmitter on any other channel. The channels that are available for use in a particular country differ according to the regulations of that country. Table 4.7 identifies IEEE-relevant frequencies in various parts of the world. In the United States, for example, FCC regulations allow only channels 1 to 11 to be used. Channels 10 and 11 are the only channels that work in all parts of the world, because Spain has not licensed channels 1 to 9 for 802.11b operation. The UNII band used in the IEEE 802.11a context is in the range 5.15 to 5.85 GHz. The 802.11a standard uses 300 MHz of bandwidth; the spectrum is divided into three domains, each having restrictions imposed on the maximum output power allowed. The first 100 MHz in the lower-frequency portion is restricted to a maximum power output of 50 mW; the second 100 MHz has a higher maximum, 250 mW; and the third, 100 MHz, intended primarily for outdoor applications, has a maximum power output of 1.0 W. It is generally recognized that the higherfrequency UNII band is limited intrinsically to shorter ranges than the ISM band, due to higher path loss, limiting the utility of 802.11a relative to that of 802.11b/g in the WSN context, except for within-building applications. In particular, there is an increase of excess path loss with frequency. Table 4.8 provides a comparison
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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CONTENTS Preface xi About the Autho
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CONTENTS vii 5.4 MAC Protocols for
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CONTENTS ix 9.3 Traditional Network
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xii PREFACE text provides thorough
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xiv ABOUT THE AUTHORS communication
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1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF WIRE
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INTRODUCTION 3 in the wireless case
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INTRODUCTION 5 In this book we emph
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INTRODUCTION 7 and low-power-consum
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INTRODUCTION 9 1. The typical mode
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INTRODUCTION 11 Commercial applica
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BASIC OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGY 13
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REFERENCES 31 Standards As implied
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REFERENCES 33 [1.22] D. Minoli, W.
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REFERENCES 35 [1.58] S. Lindsey et
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REFERENCES 37 [1.89] J. M. Kahn et
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BACKGROUND 39 static routing over t
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BACKGROUND 41 The WNs have computat
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RANGE OF APPLICATIONS 43 TABLE 2.1
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RANGE OF APPLICATIONS 49 expect wit
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EXAMPLES OF CATEGORY 2 WSN APPLICAT
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Page 82 and 83: EXAMPLES OF CATEGORY 1 WSN APPLICAT
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Page 90 and 91: REFERENCES 71 In aggregating system
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Page 94 and 95: 3 BASIC WIRELESS SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Page 96 and 97: SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY 77 2. Detect
Page 98 and 99: SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY 79 Hardware
Page 100 and 101: Figure 3.3 Some of the networking p
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Page 104 and 105: WN OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 85 TABLE 3
Page 106 and 107: WN TRENDS 87 aggregated, fused, and
Page 108 and 109: WN TRENDS 89 TABLE 3.4 Partial List
Page 110 and 111: REFERENCES 91 to those sensors so t
Page 112 and 113: 4 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
Page 114 and 115: RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 95 Ionosphe
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Page 120 and 121: RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 101 citizen
Page 122 and 123: AVAILABLE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 103
Page 150 and 151: APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 131 s
Page 152 and 153: APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 133 T
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Page 156 and 157: APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 137 P
Page 158 and 159: REFERENCES 139 algorithm, although
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Page 162 and 163: BACKGROUND 143 therefore be shared
Page 164 and 165: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 145 T
Page 166 and 167: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 147 q
Page 168 and 169: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 149 T
Page 170 and 171: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 151 d
Page 172 and 173: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 153 w
Page 174 and 175: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 155 F
Page 176 and 177: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 157 A
Page 178 and 179: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 159 A B C D
Page 180 and 181: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 161 multihop
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MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 163 can be o
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MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 165 of nodes
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SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 167 services
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SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 169 Nodes are
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SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 171 to secure
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IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN 173 Sender RT
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IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs STANDARD CAS
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REFERENCES 193 residing within 30 f
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REFERENCES 195 [5.25] K. Sohrabi, J
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6 ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SE
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DATA DISSEMINATION AND GATHERING 19
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ROUTING CHALLENGES AND DESIGN ISSUE
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ROUTING STRATEGIES IN WIRELESS SENS
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REFERENCES 225 first two faces and
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REFERENCES 227 International Confer
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7 TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR W
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRANSPORT PROTOCOL DESIGN ISSUES 23
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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REFERENCES 245 [7.2] Y. Sankarasubr
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WSN MIDDLEWARE PRINCIPLES 247 are v
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 249 TABLE 8
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 251 for pos
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 253 of sensor n
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 255 reasonable
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 257 tools and s
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REFERENCES 259 8.5 CONCLUSION In th
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REFERENCES 261 [8.24] S. Kim, S. H.
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TRADITIONAL NETWORK MANAGEMENT MODE
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NETWORK MANAGEMENT DESIGN ISSUES 26
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EXAMPLE OF MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE:
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OTHER ISSUES RELATED TO NETWORK MAN
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REFERENCES 271 [9.2] L. B. Ruiz, F.
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10 OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS S
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OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES 275
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 277 c
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 279 w
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REFERENCES 281 10.3.9 PicOS One pro
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11 PERFORMANCE AND TRAFFIC MANAGEME
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BACKGROUND 285 data relaying, and s
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WSN DESIGN ISSUES 287 WSNs Routing
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 289 du
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 291 an
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 293 Th
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CASE STUDY: SIMPLE COMPUTATION OF T
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REFERENCES 301 [11.12] I. Demirkol,
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304 INDEX Code-division multiple ac
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306 INDEX NEMS, 28 Network design,
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