Wireless Sensor Networks : Technology, Protocols, and Applications

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REFERENCES 141 [4.36] C. Berrou, A. Glavieux, P. Thitimajshima, ‘‘Near Shannon Limit Error-Correcting Coding and Decoding: Turbo Codes,’’ Conference Record of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, 1993. [4.37] ‘‘Communications Blockset,’’ MathWorks, Natick, MA, http://www.mathworks.de/ access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/commblks/ref/mpskmodulatorbaseband.shtml#245366. [4.38] D. Williams, ‘‘Turbo-Product Codes Advance ECC Technology,’’ Advanced Hardware Architectures, edn, www.ednmag.com, Feb. 3, 2000, pp. 77ff. [4.39] B. A. Banister, ‘‘Using Turbo Product Codes in Client Station Uplink for Reduced Power Consumption,’’ White Paper, Comtech AHA Corporation, Moscow, ID, 2005. [4.40] G. Karayannis, ‘‘Emerging Wireless Standards: Understanding the Role of IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee TM in AMR and Submetering—Mapping Your Future: From Data to Value,’’ AMRA 2003 International Symposium Conference Record. [4.41] M. Roberti, ‘‘Glossary of RFID Terms,’’ RFID Journal, Inc., Hauppauge, NY, http:// www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/208. [4.42] J. Adams, ‘‘Designing with 802.15.4 and ZigBee,’’ presented at the Industrial Wireless Applications Summit, San Diego, Ca, Mar. 9, 2004. [4.43] C. Cordeiro, ‘‘Wireless Communication and Networking (WiCAN),’’ Wireless Communication and Networking (WiCAN) Department, Philips Research, Briarcliff Manor, NY, Carlos.Cordeiro@philips.com; www.ececs.uc.edu/cordeicm. [4.44] IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee, ‘‘802.22 WG on WRANs (Wireless Regional Area Networks),’’ www.ieee802.org/22, Oct. 1, 2005. [4.45] P. Mannion, ‘‘Sharing Spectrum the Smarter Way,’’ EE Times, Apr. 5, 2004, http:// www.commsdesign.com/news/tech_beat/www.eet.com/showArticle.jhtmlarticleID ¼18700443.
5 MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 5.1 INTRODUCTION WSNs are typically composed of a large number of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional wireless devices deployed over a geographical area in an ad hoc fashion and without careful planning. Individually, sensing devices are resourceconstrained and therefore are only capable of a limited amount of processing and communication. It is the coordinated effort of these sensing devices, however, that bears promise for a significant impact on a wide range of applications in several fields, including science and engineering, military settings, critical infrastructure protection, and environmental monitoring [5.1–5.3]. Harnessing the potential benefits of WSNs requires a high-level of self-organization and coordination among the sensors to perform the tasks required to support the underlying application. At the heart of this collaborative effort to achieve communications is the need for the wireless sensor nodes to self-organize into a multihop wireless network. Consequently, the design of efficient communications and network protocols for WSNs becomes crucial for wireless sensor nodes to carry out successfully the mission for which they are deployed. The establishment of a multihop wireless network infrastructure for data transfer requires the establishment of communication links between neighboring sensor nodes. Unlike communication over a guided medium in wired networks, however, communication in wireless networks is achieved in the form of electromagnetic signal transmission through the air. This common transmission medium must Wireless Sensor Networks: Technology, Protocols, and Applications, by Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, and Taieb Znati Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 142
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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CONTENTS Preface xi About the Autho
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CONTENTS vii 5.4 MAC Protocols for
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CONTENTS ix 9.3 Traditional Network
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xii PREFACE text provides thorough
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xiv ABOUT THE AUTHORS communication
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1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF WIRE
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INTRODUCTION 3 in the wireless case
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INTRODUCTION 5 In this book we emph
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INTRODUCTION 7 and low-power-consum
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INTRODUCTION 9 1. The typical mode
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INTRODUCTION 11 Commercial applica
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BASIC OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGY 13
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REFERENCES 31 Standards As implied
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REFERENCES 33 [1.22] D. Minoli, W.
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REFERENCES 35 [1.58] S. Lindsey et
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REFERENCES 37 [1.89] J. M. Kahn et
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BACKGROUND 39 static routing over t
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BACKGROUND 41 The WNs have computat
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RANGE OF APPLICATIONS 43 TABLE 2.1
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RANGE OF APPLICATIONS 49 expect wit
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EXAMPLES OF CATEGORY 2 WSN APPLICAT
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ANOTHER TAXONOMY OF WSN TECHNOLOGY
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REFERENCES 71 In aggregating system
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REFERENCES 73 [2.25] ‘‘Short Di
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3 BASIC WIRELESS SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
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SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY 77 2. Detect
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SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY 79 Hardware
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Figure 3.3 Some of the networking p
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Very small (10 1 mm 3 ) Ultrasmall
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WN OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 85 TABLE 3
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WN TRENDS 87 aggregated, fused, and
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WN TRENDS 89 TABLE 3.4 Partial List
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Page 112 and 113: 4 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
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Page 120 and 121: RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 101 citizen
Page 122 and 123: AVAILABLE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 103
Page 150 and 151: APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 131 s
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Page 158 and 159: REFERENCES 139 algorithm, although
Page 162 and 163: BACKGROUND 143 therefore be shared
Page 164 and 165: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 145 T
Page 166 and 167: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 147 q
Page 168 and 169: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 149 T
Page 170 and 171: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 151 d
Page 172 and 173: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 153 w
Page 174 and 175: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 155 F
Page 176 and 177: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 157 A
Page 178 and 179: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 159 A B C D
Page 180 and 181: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 161 multihop
Page 182 and 183: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 163 can be o
Page 184 and 185: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 165 of nodes
Page 186 and 187: SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 167 services
Page 188 and 189: SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 169 Nodes are
Page 190 and 191: SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 171 to secure
Page 192 and 193: IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN 173 Sender RT
Page 194 and 195: IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs STANDARD CAS
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IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs STANDARD CAS
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REFERENCES 193 residing within 30 f
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REFERENCES 195 [5.25] K. Sohrabi, J
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6 ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SE
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DATA DISSEMINATION AND GATHERING 19
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ROUTING CHALLENGES AND DESIGN ISSUE
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ROUTING STRATEGIES IN WIRELESS SENS
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REFERENCES 225 first two faces and
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REFERENCES 227 International Confer
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7 TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR W
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRANSPORT PROTOCOL DESIGN ISSUES 23
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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REFERENCES 245 [7.2] Y. Sankarasubr
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WSN MIDDLEWARE PRINCIPLES 247 are v
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 249 TABLE 8
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 251 for pos
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 253 of sensor n
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 255 reasonable
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 257 tools and s
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REFERENCES 259 8.5 CONCLUSION In th
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REFERENCES 261 [8.24] S. Kim, S. H.
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TRADITIONAL NETWORK MANAGEMENT MODE
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NETWORK MANAGEMENT DESIGN ISSUES 26
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EXAMPLE OF MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE:
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OTHER ISSUES RELATED TO NETWORK MAN
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REFERENCES 271 [9.2] L. B. Ruiz, F.
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10 OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS S
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OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES 275
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 277 c
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 279 w
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REFERENCES 281 10.3.9 PicOS One pro
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11 PERFORMANCE AND TRAFFIC MANAGEME
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BACKGROUND 285 data relaying, and s
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WSN DESIGN ISSUES 287 WSNs Routing
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 289 du
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 291 an
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 293 Th
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CASE STUDY: SIMPLE COMPUTATION OF T
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REFERENCES 301 [11.12] I. Demirkol,
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304 INDEX Code-division multiple ac
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306 INDEX NEMS, 28 Network design,
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