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186 CHAPTER 9. DIGRAPHIC CIPHERS 26 March, 1854 Specimen of a Rectangular Cipher m b p y a d q z g f r n h s e u t k v i l w c o x A despatch in the above cipher preserving the separation of the words. We have received the xn epis erxhgfrf knr following telegraphic despatch gxaabytet inxrdscxekp frhybipk A dispatch in the same cipher with no external indication of the separation of the words. We have received the xnznyinferxhgfrfvgeh following telegraphic despatch itmyymxtsqgvrxsfemhpkxutsexckwh The same cipher arranged in a different rectangle. m b p y a d q z g f r n h s e j u t k v i l w c o x − We have received the following telegraphic despatch cs sycr ugswbpas feh jkddapqjk fhchbtiwnly hynasgle Key to the permutated alphabet employed in the preceding ciphers mbpyadqzgfrnhsejutkvilwcox m a g n e t i c b d f h j k l o p q r s u v w x y z [signed] C. Wheatstone
9.7. EXERCISES 187 The rules that Wheatstone used to encipher his messages are a bit different than the ones we use. Can you figure them out Hint: consider Playfair’s name for this cipher. 21. Another way to use Playfair is construct a 6 × 6 square that consists of the 26 letters followed by the 10 numbers 0, 1, ..., 9. Then encipher and decipher as usual. (Below we use z as the double-breaking letter, rather than x. I’ve also used o for the letter “O”, to prevent confusion with the number 0.) (a) Encipher 1800 Pennsylvannia Avenue. (b) Encipher The Lodge, the residence of the Australian Prime Minister. (c) Decipher INWBG RBSoM TUo0. (d) Decipher FHBCM LPVWA. (e) Decipher 76CPT QHo HTXNB 2BW. (f) Decipher Y8Y0T YWAVF oLWD. 22. During World War II there was a widespread network of Australian coastwatchers spread about on the numerous island in the South Pacific. [Kahn, pages 591–3.] They observed enemy activity from the peaks and cliffs of enemy-held islands, collected bits of information from native allies, and radioed their information to Allied military commands. They frequently gave valuable early warning of Japanese bombing raids and ship movements, and they assisted in the rescue of downed Allied airmen. In the early morning hours of August 2, 1943, coast-watcher Lieutenant Arthur Reginald Evans of the Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve saw a pinpoint of flame on the dark waters of Blackett Strait from his jungle ridge on Kolombangara Island, one of the Solomons. He did not know then that the Japanese destroyer Amagiri had rammed and sliced in half an American patrol torpedo boat, PT 109, lieutenant John F. Kennedy, United States Naval Reserve, commanding. But at 9:30 that morning he received the following message: (a) KXJEY UREBE ZWEHE WRYTU HEYFS KREHE GOYFI WTTTU OLKSY CAJPO BOTEI ZONTX BYBWT GONEY CUZWR GDSON SXBOU YWRHE BAAHY USEDQ The keyword is Royal new zealand navy. What does it say (b) Evan reported back that Object still floating between Meresu and Gizo, and was told later that there was a possibility that survivors landing either Vangavanga or islands. In fact, Kennedy had led his men to Plum Pudding Island. This was behind enemy lines, and only 3 or 4 miles from Gizo Island where there was a Japanese garrison.
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Cryptology: An Historical Introduct
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Contents List of Figures 8 1 Caesar
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CONTENTS 5 9 Digraphic Ciphers 167
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List of Figures 1.1 Saint Cyr Slide
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Chapter 1 Caesar Ciphers There are
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11 Examples: Encipher or decipher t
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1.1. SAINT CYR SLIDE 13 paper turne
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1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 15 PX PBEE
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1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 17 A bit mo
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1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 19 Examples
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1.4. LINQUIST’S METHOD 21 the cip
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1.7. EXERCISES 23 12. What is the m
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1.7. EXERCISES 25 (d) VTXLTKBTG LXV
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1.7. EXERCISES 27 (d) IKSUT JKIOT K
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Chapter 2 Cryptologic Terms Cryptog
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Chapter 3 The Introduction of Numbe
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3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 33 Exam
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3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 35 Perf
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3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 37 As a
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3.2. MODULAR ARITHMETIC 39 While %
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3.3. DECIMATION CIPHERS 41 previous
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3.4. DECIPHERING DECIMATION CIPHERS
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3.6. KOBLITZ’S KID-RSA AND PUBLIC
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3.6. KOBLITZ’S KID-RSA AND PUBLIC
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3.9. EXERCISES 49 8. How do we enci
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3.9. EXERCISES 51 (c) Encipher 54 4
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3.9. EXERCISES 53 (b) Encipher secr
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Chapter 4 The Euclidean Algorithm I
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4.2. GCD’S AND THE EUCLIDEAN ALGO
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4.3. MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSES 59 (2)
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4.3. MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSES 61 (2)
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4.4. DECIPHERING DECIMATION AND LIN
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4.5. BREAKING DECIMATION AND LINEAR
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4.6. SUMMARY 67 To put it more blun
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4.8. EXERCISES 69 5. Here we work w
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Chapter 5 Monoalphabetic Ciphers He
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5.2. KEYWORD MIXED CIPHERS 73 Examp
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5.4. INTERRUPTED KEYWORD CIPHERS 75
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5.6. BASIC LETTER CHARACTERISTICS 7
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5.7. ARISTOCRATS 79 the 69971 or 42
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5.9. TOPICS AND TECHNIQUES 81 5.9 T
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5.10. EXERCISES 83 (h) DYVTP KKIQ.
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5.10. EXERCISES 85 13. Ciphers in w
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5.10. EXERCISES 87 17. General Pier
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Chapter 6 Decrypting Monoalphabetic
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6.2. DECRYPTING MONOALPHABETIC CIPH
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6.3. SUKHOTIN’S METHOD FOR FINDIN
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6.4. FINAL MONOALPHABETIC TRICKS 99
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6.5. SUMMARY 101 our ciphertext muc
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6.7. EXERCISES 103 Frequency count:
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6.7. EXERCISES 105 53++!305))6*;482
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6.7. EXERCISES 107 93 93 82 48 39 6
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Chapter 7 Vigenère Ciphers It was
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7.2. TRITHEMIUS, THE FATHER OF BIBL
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7.3. BELASO, THE UNKNOWN AND PORTA,
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7.4. VIGENÈRE CIPHERS 115 to encip
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7.6. HOW TO BREAK VIGENÈRE CIPHERS
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7.6. HOW TO BREAK VIGENÈRE CIPHERS
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7.7. THE KASISKI TEST 121 Kasiski
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7.8. SUMMARY 123 Repetition Start P
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7.10. EXERCISES 125 2. Little Miss
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7.10. EXERCISES 127 to Gen. E. K. S
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7.10. EXERCISES 129 MEJMY JKXCD LCN
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7.10. EXERCISES 131 22. (a) Use Kas
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7.10. EXERCISES 133 (a) Construct a
Page 135 and 136: Chapter 8 Polyalphabetic Ciphers Th
Page 137 and 138: 8.1. COINCIDENCES 137 (being born o
Page 139 and 140: 8.2. THE MEASURE OF ROUGHNESS 139 I
Page 141 and 142: 8.2. THE MEASURE OF ROUGHNESS 141 P
Page 143 and 144: 8.3. THE FRIEDMAN TEST 143 The Frie
Page 145 and 146: 8.4. MULTIPLE ENCIPHERINGS 145 Bein
Page 147 and 148: 8.4. MULTIPLE ENCIPHERINGS 147 Just
Page 149 and 150: 8.5. VIGENÈRE’S AUTO KEY CIPHER
Page 151 and 152: 8.5. VIGENÈRE’S AUTO KEY CIPHER
Page 153 and 154: 8.6. PERFECT SECRECY 153 invent now
Page 155 and 156: 8.8. TERMS AND TOPICS 155 multiple
Page 157 and 158: 8.9. EXERCISES 157 6. As is this on
Page 159 and 160: 8.9. EXERCISES 159 13. It has been
Page 161 and 162: 8.9. EXERCISES 161 This is Equation
Page 163 and 164: 8.9. EXERCISES 163 A: AB CDE FGH I
Page 165 and 166: 8.9. EXERCISES 165 26. Decipher SVQ
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 9 Digraphic Ciphers Althoug
Page 169 and 170: 9.1. POLYGRAPHIC CIPHERS 169 f a g
Page 171 and 172: 9.2. HILL CIPHERS 171 th 2.96 es 1.
Page 173 and 174: 9.2. HILL CIPHERS 173 We will be us
Page 175 and 176: 9.3. RECOGNIZING AND BREAKING POLYG
Page 177 and 178: 9.4. PLAYFAIR 177 Playfair Ciphers:
Page 179 and 180: 9.5. SUMMARY 179 9.5 Summary Polygr
Page 181 and 182: 9.7. EXERCISES 181 (b) The use of
Page 183 and 184: 9.7. EXERCISES 183 10. Just as we c
Page 185: 9.7. EXERCISES 185 (d) (For those(
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 10 Transposition Ciphers In
Page 191 and 192: 10.3. TURNING GRILLES 191 1 2 3 7 4
Page 193 and 194: 10.4. COLUMNAR TRANSPOSITION 193 co
Page 195 and 196: 10.5. TRANSPOSITION VS. SUBSTITUTIO
Page 197 and 198: 10.6. LETTER CONNECTIONS 197 F 2 G
Page 199 and 200: 10.7. BREAKING THE COLUMNAR TRANSPO
Page 201 and 202: 10.8. DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION 201 Sinc
Page 203 and 204: 10.9. TRANSPOSITION DURING THE CIVI
Page 205 and 206: 10.9. TRANSPOSITION DURING THE CIVI
Page 207 and 208: 10.10. THE BATTLE OF THE CIVIL WAR
Page 209 and 210: 10.13. EXERCISES 209 14. What is a
Page 211 and 212: 10.13. EXERCISES 211 and the second
Page 213 and 214: 10.13. EXERCISES 213 evening Adam h
Page 215 and 216: 10.13. EXERCISES 215 Several codewo
Page 217 and 218: 10.13. EXERCISES 217 4. (which is t
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 11 Knapsack Ciphers Merkle
Page 221 and 222: 11.3. AN EASY KNAPSACK PROBLEM 221
Page 223 and 224: 11.4. THE KNAPSACK CIPHER SYSTEM 22
Page 225 and 226: 11.4. THE KNAPSACK CIPHER SYSTEM 22
Page 227 and 228: 11.5. PUBLIC KEY CIPHER 227 Even wi
Page 229 and 230: 11.8. EXERCISES 229 2. Given the we
Page 231 and 232: Chapter 12 RSA Take two large prime
Page 233 and 234: 12.1. FERMAT’S THEOREM 233 Exampl
Page 235 and 236: 12.3. COMPLICATION II: A SUBSTANTIA
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12.3. COMPLICATION II: A SUBSTANTIA
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12.5. COMPLICATION IV: THE LAST ONE
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12.6. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 241 1
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12.8. RSA 243 The RSA Algorithm Set
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12.9. RSA AND PUBLIC KEYS 245 There
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12.10. HOW TO BREAK RSA 247 had to
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12.12. SUMMARY 249 cannot read the
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12.14. EXERCISES 251 6. What is a
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12.14. EXERCISES 253 Bob is going t
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Bibliography [Antonucci] Michael An
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 257 [Shamir] [SRA] A.
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