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212 CHAPTER 10. TRANSPOSITION CIPHERS Plain Hurlbut Sherman movements enemy Prentiss Price rear advances Missouri 10:30am Halleck Code bear Blubber zebras wiley valley query world wafers chorus Clara applause Figure 10.4: Codewords for keyword McClellan. 11. Cipher No. 7 was used early in the Civil War. To Louisville, Ky. Sept 29, 1862 Colonel Anson Stager, Washington 16 Austria await I in over to requiring orders olden rapture blissful for your instant command turned and instructions and rough looking further shall further the Camden me of ocean September poker twenty I the to I command obedience repair orders quickly pretty Indianapolis your him accordingly my fourth received 1862 wounded nine have twenty turn have to to to alvord hasty. (signed) William H. Drake The keyword Austria indicates that this has nine lines, and is to be read U1, D6, U2, D3, U5, D4. The only codeword in this message is “Camden,” Major General G. H. Thomas. By this time Stager had regularized the location of the blind words: always insert one at the end of a column being pulled off. Decipher the message. 12. [Antonucci] Stager’s Cipher No. 12 was used from September 1862 until August 1864. It had many code words, for times of days, prominent officers, place names, and even commonly used words and phrases. For example, in the following message Arabia is Major General Don Carlos Buell, Adam is Major General Henry Halleck, and Lincoln is Louisville, KY. Louisville, Ky. Sept 30, 1862 To George C. Maynard, Washington Regulars ordered of my to public out suspending received 1862 spoiled thirty I dispatch command of continue of best otherwise worst Arabia my command discharge duty of my last for Lincoln September period your from sense shall duties the until Seward ability to the I a removal 16 Since Stager was the head of the Military Telegraph Office in Washington, during some years most messages to Washington were sent to his name. Likewise, Drake must be the telegraph operator stationed with the commander the message is for, Major General D.C. Buell in this case.
10.13. EXERCISES 213 evening Adam herald tribune. (signed) Philip Bruner This response to Exercise 11 uses the keyword Regulars to specify a rectangle of nine lines and five columns. The ordering is U4, D3, U5, D2, U1. Decipher the message. (Hint: remember that each column ends with an extra check word that is then ignored.) 13. [Plum] Cipher No. 4 was the last one of the war, only going into service on March 23, 1865. By now the codesheets were really code books. This one had 1608 codewords, many key words and routes, and even it was in code. Page seven in its entirety is: 3 7 4 2 8 10 14 12 13 11 9 6 5 1 Bedroom. 1. Lazy. — Blonde. 11. Liniment. Bedstead. 2. League. — Bloody. 12. Lion. Beverage. 3. Leather. — Bosom. 13. Liquid. Beyond. 4. Legacy. — Boy. 14. Loafer. Big. 5. Lemon. — Bread. 15. Log. Bill. 6. Lesson. — Bride. 16. Lomax. Billiards. 7. Let. — Brush. 17. Long. Bilious. 8. Library. — Bulk. 18. Lucky. Blanket. 9. Life. — Bushel. 19. Luscious. Bliss. 10. Linen. — Buxom. 20. Luxury. Words are the line indicators, only one was used (unless the message was more than 20 lines, in which case others were added.) The route was given, reading left-to-right, using only the top and bottom lines. So here the route is up the 6th, down the 3rd, up the 5th, down the 7th, up the 1st, down the 4th, down the 2nd. The middle lines are only to confuse the enemy. (Remember that there is an extra word at the end of each column.) Word Code Word Code . flea, hound battle knit , ass, bat commander locust , bear, bitch corps Madrid , cat the enemy village 3 Madison fight optic 15th Brown fighting oppressing 18 Norris in the quail 60 Knox of the serenade July Steward one Harry Sunday Tyler over skeleton Couch ax night Rustle A. Lincoln Adrian relieved trammeled Meade Bunyan the river turnip Smith children signature upright Washington, D.C. Incubus
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Cryptology: An Historical Introduct
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Contents List of Figures 8 1 Caesar
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CONTENTS 5 9 Digraphic Ciphers 167
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List of Figures 1.1 Saint Cyr Slide
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Chapter 1 Caesar Ciphers There are
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11 Examples: Encipher or decipher t
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1.1. SAINT CYR SLIDE 13 paper turne
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1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 15 PX PBEE
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1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 17 A bit mo
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1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 19 Examples
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1.4. LINQUIST’S METHOD 21 the cip
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1.7. EXERCISES 23 12. What is the m
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1.7. EXERCISES 25 (d) VTXLTKBTG LXV
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1.7. EXERCISES 27 (d) IKSUT JKIOT K
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Chapter 2 Cryptologic Terms Cryptog
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Chapter 3 The Introduction of Numbe
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3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 33 Exam
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3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 35 Perf
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3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 37 As a
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3.2. MODULAR ARITHMETIC 39 While %
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3.3. DECIMATION CIPHERS 41 previous
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3.4. DECIPHERING DECIMATION CIPHERS
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3.6. KOBLITZ’S KID-RSA AND PUBLIC
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3.6. KOBLITZ’S KID-RSA AND PUBLIC
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3.9. EXERCISES 49 8. How do we enci
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3.9. EXERCISES 51 (c) Encipher 54 4
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3.9. EXERCISES 53 (b) Encipher secr
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Chapter 4 The Euclidean Algorithm I
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4.2. GCD’S AND THE EUCLIDEAN ALGO
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4.3. MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSES 59 (2)
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4.3. MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSES 61 (2)
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4.4. DECIPHERING DECIMATION AND LIN
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4.5. BREAKING DECIMATION AND LINEAR
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4.6. SUMMARY 67 To put it more blun
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4.8. EXERCISES 69 5. Here we work w
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Chapter 5 Monoalphabetic Ciphers He
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5.2. KEYWORD MIXED CIPHERS 73 Examp
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5.4. INTERRUPTED KEYWORD CIPHERS 75
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5.6. BASIC LETTER CHARACTERISTICS 7
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5.7. ARISTOCRATS 79 the 69971 or 42
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5.9. TOPICS AND TECHNIQUES 81 5.9 T
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5.10. EXERCISES 83 (h) DYVTP KKIQ.
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5.10. EXERCISES 85 13. Ciphers in w
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5.10. EXERCISES 87 17. General Pier
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Chapter 6 Decrypting Monoalphabetic
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6.2. DECRYPTING MONOALPHABETIC CIPH
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6.3. SUKHOTIN’S METHOD FOR FINDIN
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6.4. FINAL MONOALPHABETIC TRICKS 99
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6.5. SUMMARY 101 our ciphertext muc
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6.7. EXERCISES 103 Frequency count:
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6.7. EXERCISES 105 53++!305))6*;482
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6.7. EXERCISES 107 93 93 82 48 39 6
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Chapter 7 Vigenère Ciphers It was
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7.2. TRITHEMIUS, THE FATHER OF BIBL
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7.3. BELASO, THE UNKNOWN AND PORTA,
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7.4. VIGENÈRE CIPHERS 115 to encip
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7.6. HOW TO BREAK VIGENÈRE CIPHERS
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7.6. HOW TO BREAK VIGENÈRE CIPHERS
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7.7. THE KASISKI TEST 121 Kasiski
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7.8. SUMMARY 123 Repetition Start P
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7.10. EXERCISES 125 2. Little Miss
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7.10. EXERCISES 127 to Gen. E. K. S
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7.10. EXERCISES 129 MEJMY JKXCD LCN
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7.10. EXERCISES 131 22. (a) Use Kas
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7.10. EXERCISES 133 (a) Construct a
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Chapter 8 Polyalphabetic Ciphers Th
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8.1. COINCIDENCES 137 (being born o
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8.2. THE MEASURE OF ROUGHNESS 139 I
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8.2. THE MEASURE OF ROUGHNESS 141 P
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8.3. THE FRIEDMAN TEST 143 The Frie
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8.4. MULTIPLE ENCIPHERINGS 145 Bein
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8.4. MULTIPLE ENCIPHERINGS 147 Just
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8.5. VIGENÈRE’S AUTO KEY CIPHER
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8.5. VIGENÈRE’S AUTO KEY CIPHER
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8.6. PERFECT SECRECY 153 invent now
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8.8. TERMS AND TOPICS 155 multiple
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8.9. EXERCISES 157 6. As is this on
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8.9. EXERCISES 159 13. It has been
Page 161 and 162: 8.9. EXERCISES 161 This is Equation
Page 163 and 164: 8.9. EXERCISES 163 A: AB CDE FGH I
Page 165 and 166: 8.9. EXERCISES 165 26. Decipher SVQ
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 9 Digraphic Ciphers Althoug
Page 169 and 170: 9.1. POLYGRAPHIC CIPHERS 169 f a g
Page 171 and 172: 9.2. HILL CIPHERS 171 th 2.96 es 1.
Page 173 and 174: 9.2. HILL CIPHERS 173 We will be us
Page 175 and 176: 9.3. RECOGNIZING AND BREAKING POLYG
Page 177 and 178: 9.4. PLAYFAIR 177 Playfair Ciphers:
Page 179 and 180: 9.5. SUMMARY 179 9.5 Summary Polygr
Page 181 and 182: 9.7. EXERCISES 181 (b) The use of
Page 183 and 184: 9.7. EXERCISES 183 10. Just as we c
Page 185 and 186: 9.7. EXERCISES 185 (d) (For those(
Page 187 and 188: 9.7. EXERCISES 187 The rules that W
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 10 Transposition Ciphers In
Page 191 and 192: 10.3. TURNING GRILLES 191 1 2 3 7 4
Page 193 and 194: 10.4. COLUMNAR TRANSPOSITION 193 co
Page 195 and 196: 10.5. TRANSPOSITION VS. SUBSTITUTIO
Page 197 and 198: 10.6. LETTER CONNECTIONS 197 F 2 G
Page 199 and 200: 10.7. BREAKING THE COLUMNAR TRANSPO
Page 201 and 202: 10.8. DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION 201 Sinc
Page 203 and 204: 10.9. TRANSPOSITION DURING THE CIVI
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Page 207 and 208: 10.10. THE BATTLE OF THE CIVIL WAR
Page 209 and 210: 10.13. EXERCISES 209 14. What is a
Page 211: 10.13. EXERCISES 211 and the second
Page 215 and 216: 10.13. EXERCISES 215 Several codewo
Page 217 and 218: 10.13. EXERCISES 217 4. (which is t
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 11 Knapsack Ciphers Merkle
Page 221 and 222: 11.3. AN EASY KNAPSACK PROBLEM 221
Page 223 and 224: 11.4. THE KNAPSACK CIPHER SYSTEM 22
Page 225 and 226: 11.4. THE KNAPSACK CIPHER SYSTEM 22
Page 227 and 228: 11.5. PUBLIC KEY CIPHER 227 Even wi
Page 229 and 230: 11.8. EXERCISES 229 2. Given the we
Page 231 and 232: Chapter 12 RSA Take two large prime
Page 233 and 234: 12.1. FERMAT’S THEOREM 233 Exampl
Page 235 and 236: 12.3. COMPLICATION II: A SUBSTANTIA
Page 237 and 238: 12.3. COMPLICATION II: A SUBSTANTIA
Page 239 and 240: 12.5. COMPLICATION IV: THE LAST ONE
Page 241 and 242: 12.6. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 241 1
Page 243 and 244: 12.8. RSA 243 The RSA Algorithm Set
Page 245 and 246: 12.9. RSA AND PUBLIC KEYS 245 There
Page 247 and 248: 12.10. HOW TO BREAK RSA 247 had to
Page 249 and 250: 12.12. SUMMARY 249 cannot read the
Page 251 and 252: 12.14. EXERCISES 251 6. What is a
Page 253 and 254: 12.14. EXERCISES 253 Bob is going t
Page 255 and 256: Bibliography [Antonucci] Michael An
Page 257: BIBLIOGRAPHY 257 [Shamir] [SRA] A.
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