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52 CHAPTER 3. THE INTRODUCTION OF NUMBERS Figure 9. ASCII Code In the examples below, we use the ASCII code by first translating plaintext characters into their ASCII equivalents, perform some numerical operations on those equivalents modulo 128, and then send the numerical results as the ciphertext. For example, if doing a Caesar Cipher with key 3 on “$ = Dollars,” the ASCII form is 36 61 68 111 108 108 97 114 116 127, and shifting gives the ciphertext 39 64 71 114 111 111 100 117 119 2. (a) Encipher <strong>St</strong>alag 17 using a Caesar Cipher with key 90. (b) Decipher 5 5 110 33 67 60 65 51 66 110 33 66 64 55 62. It was enciphered with a Caesar Cipher with key 78. (c) Encipher 12 O’Clock High using a Decimation Cipher with key 17. (d) Decipher 46 40 24 75 93 91 103 102 92 107 24 103 110 93 106 24 76 103 99 113 103. It was enciphering using a Caesar Cipher with key 120. (e) Decipher 7 61 112 32 90 45 47 97 74 32 119 100 74 97 97 100. It was enciphered using a Decimation Cipher. The deciphering key is 11. (f) Decipher 35 59 40 92. It was enciphered using a Decimation Cipher. The deciphering key is 27. (g) Decipher 13 7 58 98 3 109 120 124 96 43 124 96 124 120 87 96 101 122 96 57 122 97 69 102 102 43 36. It was enciphered using a Decimation Cipher. The deciphering key is 35. (h) Decipher 42 26 121 48 121 38 68 92 32 104 101 58 28 121 53 73 13 38 37 42 32 31 101 13 116 32 68 8 121 32 36 13 111 23 68 43 111 23 32 1 101 38. It was enciphered using a Decimation Cipher. The deciphering key is 77. 10. Roberta’s MRSA has parameters a = 5, b = 1, A = 6 and B = 7. (a) Find the other parameters. (b) Encipher privacy. (c) Decipher 133, 187, 141, 50, 137, 112, 137, 17, 71. (d) Nikki has looked up Roberta’s public key and has sent her the following two part message. Decipher it. First part: 21 187 50 17 137 133 50 71 141 71 46 137 100 21 162 83 17 129 54 191 17 71 191 137 191 54 Second part: QRCVC PWEMY OEYHE CZYIP HA. 11. Henry’s MRSA has parameters a = 2, b = 6, A = 5 and B = 4. (a) Find the other parameters.
3.9. EXERCISES 53 (b) Encipher secrecy. (c) Decipher 129, 111, 68, 258, 120, 172, 68, 59, 120, 43, 249. (d) Frita has sent Henry the following two-part message. The first part used Henry’s public key. Decipher both parts. First part: 129, 43, 215, 16, 43, 240, 206, 215, 7, 188, 43, 16, 77. Second part: AOL IBASLY KPK PA.
Page 1 and 2: Cryptology: An Historical Introduct
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Figures 8 1 Caesar
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 5 9 Digraphic Ciphers 167
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures 1.1 Saint Cyr Slide
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 Caesar Ciphers There are
Page 11 and 12: 11 Examples: Encipher or decipher t
Page 13 and 14: 1.1. SAINT CYR SLIDE 13 paper turne
Page 15 and 16: 1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 15 PX PBEE
Page 17 and 18: 1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 17 A bit mo
Page 19 and 20: 1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 19 Examples
Page 21 and 22: 1.4. LINQUIST’S METHOD 21 the cip
Page 23 and 24: 1.7. EXERCISES 23 12. What is the m
Page 25 and 26: 1.7. EXERCISES 25 (d) VTXLTKBTG LXV
Page 27 and 28: 1.7. EXERCISES 27 (d) IKSUT JKIOT K
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Cryptologic Terms Cryptog
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 The Introduction of Numbe
Page 33 and 34: 3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 33 Exam
Page 35 and 36: 3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 35 Perf
Page 37 and 38: 3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 37 As a
Page 39 and 40: 3.2. MODULAR ARITHMETIC 39 While %
Page 41 and 42: 3.3. DECIMATION CIPHERS 41 previous
Page 43 and 44: 3.4. DECIPHERING DECIMATION CIPHERS
Page 45 and 46: 3.6. KOBLITZ’S KID-RSA AND PUBLIC
Page 47 and 48: 3.6. KOBLITZ’S KID-RSA AND PUBLIC
Page 49 and 50: 3.9. EXERCISES 49 8. How do we enci
Page 51: 3.9. EXERCISES 51 (c) Encipher 54 4
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4 The Euclidean Algorithm I
Page 57 and 58: 4.2. GCD’S AND THE EUCLIDEAN ALGO
Page 59 and 60: 4.3. MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSES 59 (2)
Page 61 and 62: 4.3. MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSES 61 (2)
Page 63 and 64: 4.4. DECIPHERING DECIMATION AND LIN
Page 65 and 66: 4.5. BREAKING DECIMATION AND LINEAR
Page 67 and 68: 4.6. SUMMARY 67 To put it more blun
Page 69 and 70: 4.8. EXERCISES 69 5. Here we work w
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 5 Monoalphabetic Ciphers He
Page 73 and 74: 5.2. KEYWORD MIXED CIPHERS 73 Examp
Page 75 and 76: 5.4. INTERRUPTED KEYWORD CIPHERS 75
Page 77 and 78: 5.6. BASIC LETTER CHARACTERISTICS 7
Page 79 and 80: 5.7. ARISTOCRATS 79 the 69971 or 42
Page 81 and 82: 5.9. TOPICS AND TECHNIQUES 81 5.9 T
Page 83 and 84: 5.10. EXERCISES 83 (h) DYVTP KKIQ.
Page 85 and 86: 5.10. EXERCISES 85 13. Ciphers in w
Page 87 and 88: 5.10. EXERCISES 87 17. General Pier
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 6 Decrypting Monoalphabetic
Page 91 and 92: 6.2. DECRYPTING MONOALPHABETIC CIPH
Page 97 and 98: 6.3. SUKHOTIN’S METHOD FOR FINDIN
Page 99 and 100: 6.4. FINAL MONOALPHABETIC TRICKS 99
Page 101 and 102: 6.5. SUMMARY 101 our ciphertext muc
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6.7. EXERCISES 103 Frequency count:
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6.7. EXERCISES 105 53++!305))6*;482
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6.7. EXERCISES 107 93 93 82 48 39 6
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Chapter 7 Vigenère Ciphers It was
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7.2. TRITHEMIUS, THE FATHER OF BIBL
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7.3. BELASO, THE UNKNOWN AND PORTA,
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7.4. VIGENÈRE CIPHERS 115 to encip
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7.6. HOW TO BREAK VIGENÈRE CIPHERS
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7.6. HOW TO BREAK VIGENÈRE CIPHERS
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7.7. THE KASISKI TEST 121 Kasiski
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7.8. SUMMARY 123 Repetition Start P
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7.10. EXERCISES 125 2. Little Miss
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7.10. EXERCISES 127 to Gen. E. K. S
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7.10. EXERCISES 129 MEJMY JKXCD LCN
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7.10. EXERCISES 131 22. (a) Use Kas
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7.10. EXERCISES 133 (a) Construct a
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Chapter 8 Polyalphabetic Ciphers Th
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8.1. COINCIDENCES 137 (being born o
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8.2. THE MEASURE OF ROUGHNESS 139 I
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8.2. THE MEASURE OF ROUGHNESS 141 P
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8.3. THE FRIEDMAN TEST 143 The Frie
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8.4. MULTIPLE ENCIPHERINGS 145 Bein
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8.4. MULTIPLE ENCIPHERINGS 147 Just
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8.5. VIGENÈRE’S AUTO KEY CIPHER
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8.5. VIGENÈRE’S AUTO KEY CIPHER
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8.6. PERFECT SECRECY 153 invent now
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8.8. TERMS AND TOPICS 155 multiple
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8.9. EXERCISES 157 6. As is this on
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8.9. EXERCISES 159 13. It has been
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8.9. EXERCISES 161 This is Equation
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8.9. EXERCISES 163 A: AB CDE FGH I
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8.9. EXERCISES 165 26. Decipher SVQ
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Chapter 9 Digraphic Ciphers Althoug
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9.1. POLYGRAPHIC CIPHERS 169 f a g
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9.2. HILL CIPHERS 171 th 2.96 es 1.
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9.2. HILL CIPHERS 173 We will be us
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9.3. RECOGNIZING AND BREAKING POLYG
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9.4. PLAYFAIR 177 Playfair Ciphers:
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9.5. SUMMARY 179 9.5 Summary Polygr
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9.7. EXERCISES 181 (b) The use of
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9.7. EXERCISES 183 10. Just as we c
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9.7. EXERCISES 185 (d) (For those(
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9.7. EXERCISES 187 The rules that W
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Chapter 10 Transposition Ciphers In
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10.3. TURNING GRILLES 191 1 2 3 7 4
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10.4. COLUMNAR TRANSPOSITION 193 co
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10.5. TRANSPOSITION VS. SUBSTITUTIO
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10.6. LETTER CONNECTIONS 197 F 2 G
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10.7. BREAKING THE COLUMNAR TRANSPO
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10.8. DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION 201 Sinc
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10.9. TRANSPOSITION DURING THE CIVI
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10.9. TRANSPOSITION DURING THE CIVI
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10.10. THE BATTLE OF THE CIVIL WAR
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10.13. EXERCISES 209 14. What is a
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10.13. EXERCISES 211 and the second
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10.13. EXERCISES 213 evening Adam h
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10.13. EXERCISES 215 Several codewo
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10.13. EXERCISES 217 4. (which is t
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Chapter 11 Knapsack Ciphers Merkle
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11.3. AN EASY KNAPSACK PROBLEM 221
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11.4. THE KNAPSACK CIPHER SYSTEM 22
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11.4. THE KNAPSACK CIPHER SYSTEM 22
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11.5. PUBLIC KEY CIPHER 227 Even wi
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11.8. EXERCISES 229 2. Given the we
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Chapter 12 RSA Take two large prime
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12.1. FERMAT’S THEOREM 233 Exampl
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12.3. COMPLICATION II: A SUBSTANTIA
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12.3. COMPLICATION II: A SUBSTANTIA
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12.5. COMPLICATION IV: THE LAST ONE
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12.6. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 241 1
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12.8. RSA 243 The RSA Algorithm Set
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12.9. RSA AND PUBLIC KEYS 245 There
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12.10. HOW TO BREAK RSA 247 had to
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12.12. SUMMARY 249 cannot read the
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12.14. EXERCISES 251 6. What is a
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12.14. EXERCISES 253 Bob is going t
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Bibliography [Antonucci] Michael An
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 257 [Shamir] [SRA] A.
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