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24 CHAPTER 1. CAESAR CIPHERS (b) MXVWLQLDQ, key = 3. (c) QAGNGM YDPGAYLSQ, key = 24. (d) GVOREVHF TENPPUHF, key = 13. 5. Encipher the following words using a Caesar Cipher with the given key. (a) Appian Way, key = F. (b) Punic Wars, key = B. (c) Carthage, key = N. (d) Gladiator, key = W. 6. Encipher the following words using a Shift Cipher with the given key. (a) Atrium, key = 1. (b) Colosseum, key = 25. (c) Po Valley, key = 18. (d) Equestrian Order, key = 9. 7. Decipher the following. They have been enciphered using a Shift Cipher with the given key. (a) OMFMOAYNE, key = 12. (b) TJNXWNVM, key = 19. (c) LHAXEWJ, key = 22. (d) DBSLEXO, key = 10. (e) GDBPC ATVXDC, key =15. 8. Decipher the following. They have been enciphered using a Caesar Cipher with the given key. (a) VKDSEW, key = K. (b) VTKTGOG, key = V. (c) RCVTKEKCP, key = C. (d) OJSBHWBS, key = O. (e) AYPBTCPYHAL, key = H. 9. Decipher the following. They have been enciphered using a Caesar Cipher with the given key. (a) QSBHIFWCB, key = O. (b) CQN ADKRLXW ARENA, key = J. (c) ZKBYQD SQBUDTQH, key = Q.
1.7. EXERCISES 25 (d) VTXLTKBTG LXVMBHG, key = T. 10. A part of a message of Caesar’s to Cicero (in Latin!) was MDEHV RSNQNRQNV PHDH XHVXNPRQNZP. Decipher it. (Remember, Latin has no J, K, W or Y.) 11. Use frequency analysis to decrypt the following messages. (a) VG ZNL OR EBHAQYL NFFREGRQ GUNG UHZNA VATRAHVGL PNAABG PBAP- BPG N PVCURE JUVPU UHZNA VATRAHVGL PNAABG ERFBYIR RQTNE NYYRA CBR (b) DHVIV BZYVA OZMNJ HZRJM MTOJN JGQZO CZHZN NVBZV IYQZM TAZRO CDIBN DIVAO ZMGDA ZBVQZ HZVNH PXCKG ZVNPM ZVNYD YOCZP IMVQZ GDIBJ AOCVO XJYZC VMMTC JPYDI D (c) STHTI JTWHN UMJWN XNRUW JLSFG QJYTF YYFHP ZSQJX XNYNX NSXTQ ZGQJG DYMJN SAJSY TWMNR XJQK 12. Use frequency analysis to decrypt the following messages. (a) RKXXSLKV KXXYEXMON DYNKI DRKD RO KXN DRO OVOZRKXDC GYEVN LO KBBSFSXQ SXBYWO CYWODSWO XOHD GOOU (b) GFWSZ RFSST ZSHJI YMFYM JFSIG FNQJD BTZQI FZINY NTSYM JJQJU MFSYX KTWUT XXNGQ JNSHQ ZXNTS NSYMJ NWHNW HZX 13. Decrypt the following ciphertexts using Linquist’s method. (a) DROOX OWIUX YGCDR OCICD OWLOS XQECO NMVKE NOCRK XXYX (b) WUDJB UCUDT EDEJH UQTUQ SXEJX UHICQ YB This is a quote of Henry L. Stimson, President Hoover’s Secretary of State, writing later about his shutting down the US Black Chamber, the government cryptoanalytic service, in 1929. (c) IJXMT KOJBM VHRVN ZQZMN JGQZY WTNOV MDIBV ODO (d) BJUUH BNUUB NJBQN UUBKH CQNBN JBQXA N. (e) FHWDU YTLWF RNXFR JXXFL JBWNY YJSNS HNUMJ W (f) KVVDR ODRSX QCSXD ROGYB VNMYX CDSDE DOKMS ZROB (g) “The goal of a cryptosystem is to: BPZTI WTBTH HPVTX CRDBE GTWTC HXQAT IDJCP JIWDG XOTSE TGHDC H 14. (a) What happens if we use a Shift Cipher with a shift of 26 (b) What happens if we use a number larger than 26 for the shift amount (c) How many different Shift Ciphers are there 15. According to David Gaddy, “on 1 January 1863 while touring in the west, [Confederate] President [Jefferson] Davis sent [a person a] telegram which used a simple slide of one” [Gaddy]. If the telegram began TFDSF UBSZP GXBSKBNF TBTFE EPOSJ DINPO E, to whom was it for
Page 1 and 2: Cryptology: An Historical Introduct
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Figures 8 1 Caesar
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 5 9 Digraphic Ciphers 167
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures 1.1 Saint Cyr Slide
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 Caesar Ciphers There are
Page 11 and 12: 11 Examples: Encipher or decipher t
Page 13 and 14: 1.1. SAINT CYR SLIDE 13 paper turne
Page 15 and 16: 1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 15 PX PBEE
Page 17 and 18: 1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 17 A bit mo
Page 19 and 20: 1.3. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 19 Examples
Page 21 and 22: 1.4. LINQUIST’S METHOD 21 the cip
Page 23: 1.7. EXERCISES 23 12. What is the m
Page 27 and 28: 1.7. EXERCISES 27 (d) IKSUT JKIOT K
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Cryptologic Terms Cryptog
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 The Introduction of Numbe
Page 33 and 34: 3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 33 Exam
Page 35 and 36: 3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 35 Perf
Page 37 and 38: 3.1. THE REMAINDER OPERATOR 37 As a
Page 39 and 40: 3.2. MODULAR ARITHMETIC 39 While %
Page 41 and 42: 3.3. DECIMATION CIPHERS 41 previous
Page 43 and 44: 3.4. DECIPHERING DECIMATION CIPHERS
Page 45 and 46: 3.6. KOBLITZ’S KID-RSA AND PUBLIC
Page 47 and 48: 3.6. KOBLITZ’S KID-RSA AND PUBLIC
Page 49 and 50: 3.9. EXERCISES 49 8. How do we enci
Page 51 and 52: 3.9. EXERCISES 51 (c) Encipher 54 4
Page 53 and 54: 3.9. EXERCISES 53 (b) Encipher secr
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4 The Euclidean Algorithm I
Page 57 and 58: 4.2. GCD’S AND THE EUCLIDEAN ALGO
Page 59 and 60: 4.3. MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSES 59 (2)
Page 61 and 62: 4.3. MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSES 61 (2)
Page 63 and 64: 4.4. DECIPHERING DECIMATION AND LIN
Page 65 and 66: 4.5. BREAKING DECIMATION AND LINEAR
Page 67 and 68: 4.6. SUMMARY 67 To put it more blun
Page 69 and 70: 4.8. EXERCISES 69 5. Here we work w
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 5 Monoalphabetic Ciphers He
Page 73 and 74: 5.2. KEYWORD MIXED CIPHERS 73 Examp
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5.4. INTERRUPTED KEYWORD CIPHERS 75
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5.6. BASIC LETTER CHARACTERISTICS 7
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5.7. ARISTOCRATS 79 the 69971 or 42
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5.9. TOPICS AND TECHNIQUES 81 5.9 T
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5.10. EXERCISES 83 (h) DYVTP KKIQ.
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5.10. EXERCISES 85 13. Ciphers in w
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5.10. EXERCISES 87 17. General Pier
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Chapter 6 Decrypting Monoalphabetic
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6.2. DECRYPTING MONOALPHABETIC CIPH
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6.3. SUKHOTIN’S METHOD FOR FINDIN
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6.4. FINAL MONOALPHABETIC TRICKS 99
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6.5. SUMMARY 101 our ciphertext muc
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6.7. EXERCISES 103 Frequency count:
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6.7. EXERCISES 105 53++!305))6*;482
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6.7. EXERCISES 107 93 93 82 48 39 6
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Chapter 7 Vigenère Ciphers It was
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7.2. TRITHEMIUS, THE FATHER OF BIBL
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7.3. BELASO, THE UNKNOWN AND PORTA,
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7.4. VIGENÈRE CIPHERS 115 to encip
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7.6. HOW TO BREAK VIGENÈRE CIPHERS
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7.6. HOW TO BREAK VIGENÈRE CIPHERS
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7.7. THE KASISKI TEST 121 Kasiski
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7.8. SUMMARY 123 Repetition Start P
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7.10. EXERCISES 125 2. Little Miss
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7.10. EXERCISES 127 to Gen. E. K. S
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7.10. EXERCISES 129 MEJMY JKXCD LCN
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7.10. EXERCISES 131 22. (a) Use Kas
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7.10. EXERCISES 133 (a) Construct a
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Chapter 8 Polyalphabetic Ciphers Th
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8.1. COINCIDENCES 137 (being born o
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8.2. THE MEASURE OF ROUGHNESS 139 I
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8.2. THE MEASURE OF ROUGHNESS 141 P
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8.3. THE FRIEDMAN TEST 143 The Frie
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8.4. MULTIPLE ENCIPHERINGS 145 Bein
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8.4. MULTIPLE ENCIPHERINGS 147 Just
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8.5. VIGENÈRE’S AUTO KEY CIPHER
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8.5. VIGENÈRE’S AUTO KEY CIPHER
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8.6. PERFECT SECRECY 153 invent now
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8.8. TERMS AND TOPICS 155 multiple
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8.9. EXERCISES 157 6. As is this on
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8.9. EXERCISES 159 13. It has been
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8.9. EXERCISES 161 This is Equation
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8.9. EXERCISES 163 A: AB CDE FGH I
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8.9. EXERCISES 165 26. Decipher SVQ
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Chapter 9 Digraphic Ciphers Althoug
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9.1. POLYGRAPHIC CIPHERS 169 f a g
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9.2. HILL CIPHERS 171 th 2.96 es 1.
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9.2. HILL CIPHERS 173 We will be us
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9.3. RECOGNIZING AND BREAKING POLYG
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9.4. PLAYFAIR 177 Playfair Ciphers:
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9.5. SUMMARY 179 9.5 Summary Polygr
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9.7. EXERCISES 181 (b) The use of
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9.7. EXERCISES 183 10. Just as we c
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9.7. EXERCISES 185 (d) (For those(
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9.7. EXERCISES 187 The rules that W
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Chapter 10 Transposition Ciphers In
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10.3. TURNING GRILLES 191 1 2 3 7 4
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10.4. COLUMNAR TRANSPOSITION 193 co
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10.5. TRANSPOSITION VS. SUBSTITUTIO
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10.6. LETTER CONNECTIONS 197 F 2 G
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10.7. BREAKING THE COLUMNAR TRANSPO
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10.8. DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION 201 Sinc
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10.9. TRANSPOSITION DURING THE CIVI
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10.9. TRANSPOSITION DURING THE CIVI
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10.10. THE BATTLE OF THE CIVIL WAR
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10.13. EXERCISES 209 14. What is a
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10.13. EXERCISES 211 and the second
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10.13. EXERCISES 213 evening Adam h
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10.13. EXERCISES 215 Several codewo
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10.13. EXERCISES 217 4. (which is t
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Chapter 11 Knapsack Ciphers Merkle
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11.3. AN EASY KNAPSACK PROBLEM 221
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11.4. THE KNAPSACK CIPHER SYSTEM 22
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11.4. THE KNAPSACK CIPHER SYSTEM 22
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11.5. PUBLIC KEY CIPHER 227 Even wi
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11.8. EXERCISES 229 2. Given the we
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Chapter 12 RSA Take two large prime
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12.1. FERMAT’S THEOREM 233 Exampl
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12.3. COMPLICATION II: A SUBSTANTIA
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12.3. COMPLICATION II: A SUBSTANTIA
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12.5. COMPLICATION IV: THE LAST ONE
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12.6. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 241 1
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12.8. RSA 243 The RSA Algorithm Set
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12.9. RSA AND PUBLIC KEYS 245 There
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12.10. HOW TO BREAK RSA 247 had to
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12.12. SUMMARY 249 cannot read the
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12.14. EXERCISES 251 6. What is a
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12.14. EXERCISES 253 Bob is going t
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Bibliography [Antonucci] Michael An
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 257 [Shamir] [SRA] A.
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