Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...

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Transportation’s Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 2 Cost-effectiveness considering direct implementation costs alone was not estimated in the Moving Cooler study. Considering vehicle operating cost savings, cost-effectiveness was estimated to range from -$50 to -$190 per tonne, cumulatively over the 2010-2050 period. These estimates are in the same range as the European and Michigan estimates. Cobenefits Eco-driving can have benefits for reducing air pollution, both as a result of smoother driving patterns with less hard acceleration, and improved vehicle maintenance. The focus of eco-driving studies has been primarily on fuel savings and GHG reductions, and air pollutant emission reductions have not been quantified. Feasibility Eco-driving programs are very feasible and have no technological barriers. European programs have already demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of these programs. Outreach to the driving public can be in the form of training courses, which become a portion of mandatory driver education before new drivers can obtain a driver’s license or before existing drivers can renew their licenses. Outreach to the driving public for vehicle maintenance can be incorporated into the training courses mentioned above, but more often takes the form of a public information campaign. In the U.S., EPA’s SmartWay has included information on eco-driving practices targeted at truck operators. The primary barriers to eco-driving programs in the U.S. are likely to be institutional; in particular, revising State driver training curricula to incorporate eco-driving practices, and working with automobile manufacturers to incorporate in-vehicle feedback systems in new cars. Incentives may be needed to encourage private truck fleet operators to promote eco-driving practices by enrolling drivers in training programs and providing information and feedback. UPS is undertaking an initiative to test the use of vehicle instrumentation to provide feedback to drivers on how to reduce fuel use and otherwise improve their driving practices (e.g., for greater safety) (UPS, 2009). No data is available on the effectiveness of training new versus existing drivers, but as previously noted, education must be continuously provided or habits can erode over time. It is therefore not clear whether it will be feasible to sustain the initial gains observed from eco-driving programs. The interest in consumers in making use of this information on a broad scale also has not been determined. 5-101
Transportation’s Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 2 • 5.7 References American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2009). TRANSPORTATION – Are We There Yet The Bottom Line Report 2009. American Public Transportation Association (2008). 2008 Public Transportation Factbook. Apogee (1994). Costs and Effectiveness of Transportation Control Measures (TCMS): A Review and Analysis of the Literature. Prepared for the National Association of Regional Councils. Association for Commuter Transportation (ACT) (2008). “King County Embraces Social Marketing to Change Travel Behavior.” In TDM Review Issue 4. Ayres, G. (2007). Bus Emissions versus Passenger Car Emissions. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Memorandum to Roy Chen, Federal Transit Administration, June 26, 2007. Bailey, L.; P. Mokhtarian, and A. Little (2008). The Broader Connection between Public Transportation, Energy Conservation, and Greenhouse Gas Reduction. Prepared for American Public Transportation Association through Transit Cooperative Research Program J-11, Task 3. Bartholomew, K. (2005). Integrating Land Use Issues into Transportation Planning: Scenario Planning. University of Utah; Prepared for Federal Highway Administration. Baxandall, P.; T. Dutzkik, and J. Hoen (2008). A Better Way to Go: Meeting America’s 21 st Century Transportation Challenges with Modern Public Transit. U.S. PIRG Education Fund. Beers, T.M. (2000). “Flexible Schedules and Shift Work: Replacing the “9-to-5” Workday” Monthly Labor Review. http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art3full.pdf. Bordoff, J.E. and P.J. Noel (2008). Pay-As-You-Drive Auto Insurance: A Simple Way to Reduce Driving-Related Harms and Increase Equity. The Hamilton Project, the Brookings Institution. Burchell, R., et al. (1997). The Costs of Sprawl Revisited. Transit Cooperative Research Program Report 97, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Burchell, R., et al. (2002). The Costs of Sprawl – 2000. Transit Cooperative Research Program Report 74, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) (2005a). Table 2. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Sex, Occupation, and Industry, May 2004. http://www.bls.gov/ news.release/flex.t02.htm. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) (2005b). Workers on Flexible and Shift Schedules in 2004 Summary. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/flex.nr0.htm. 5-102
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