Exhibit 8, 100416 Brazil FMD Risk Evaluation - R-Calf

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Fifteen outbreaks have been detected since declaration of the free zone in Brazil in 2001, all of which occurred in the non-free zone. Most occurred in the State of Ceará; one outbreak occurred in Paraíba in 2006 and one in Maranhão in 2008 [9, 14]. ASF No outbreaks of ASF have occurred in Brazil since 1981. As of 1984 [15], all of Brazil was declared to be ASF-free and continues to be regarded as such [14]. SVD SVD has never occurred in Brazil [14]. Conclusions: Santa Catarina’s last FMD outbreak occurred in 1993. No outbreaks of ASF have occurred in Santa Catarina since 1981 and no outbreaks of CSF have occurred in Santa Catarina since 1990. SVD has never occurred in Brazil. There is no evidence of any FMD, CSF, SVD, or ASF infections or outbreaks in Santa Catarina. 3. Disease status of adjacent regions This section describes the disease status in other areas of Brazil with respect to FMD, CSF, ASF, and SVD, and in Argentina, which borders Santa Catarina (Figure 7). Figure 7: Brazil and neighboring countries APHIS Evaluation of the Status of the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina 22
FMD Brazil currently has several different FMD zones. Santa Catarina is the only zone designated by the OIE as free of FMD without vaccination. At the time of this analysis, the area recognized by the OIE as free of FMD with vaccination contains 16 States, mostly located in the southern and central portion of Brazil (OIE reference). Santa Catarina is surrounded by the States of Rio Grande Do Sul and Paraná, both recognized by the OIE as free of FMD with vaccination. Outbreaks of FMD have occurred in Rio Grande Do Sul (2000/2001) and Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul in 2005 and 2006. Rio Grande do Sul In 2000, the year that vaccination ceased in Rio Grande do Sul, an FMD outbreak occurred in that State. FMD was not detected in Santa Catarina. The Rio Grande do Sul outbreak affected 22 premises in four neighboring municipalities in the northwestern region of the State. The disease was eliminated by stamping out. The eradication program involved the destruction of 11,017 animals (8,185 bovine, 2,106 swine, 722 ovine, and 4 caprine species). In addition, officials imposed strict movement controls and biosecurity measures [6, 7, 12, 16]. The disease was linked to a Type O1 FMD outbreak in Argentina that occurred in 2000. Transit of infected cattle in the border region between Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay was implicated as the pathway of introduction. At that time, vaccination against FMD remained suspended in Rio Grande do Sul [16, 17]. In 2001, another outbreak occurred in Rio Grande do Sul affecting 30 premises in six different municipalities. In this outbreak, in addition to implementing a stamping out program, officials carried out emergency vaccination for all cattle in the State. A total of 2,348 farms were quarantined and 32,408 animals were slaughtered. No direct epidemiological relationships between the six affected municipalities were identified. Investigation results suggested that the six outbreaks resulted from independent re-introductions, all coming from Uruguay. Direct epidemiological relationships were established between the owner of an affected herd in one municipality and producers in Uruguay. The observation that the first occurrence of disease was farther away from the border than subsequent occurrences was significant because the owner of the affected herd had been in Uruguay a few days before the outbreak erupted in his herd. No direct relationship was identified between the outbreaks in the six municipalities and the outbreaks in Argentina since the virus in Argentina was type O and the virus in Uruguay was classified as type A [6]. At that time, vaccination against FMD was reinstated throughout Rio Grande do Sul [16, 17]. Paraná On October 21, 2005, Brazilian authorities detected FMD in the State of Paraná. The outbreak was immediately reported to the OIE. As a result, the affected properties, as well as those located within a 10-km radius, were immediately quarantined and interdicted. Paraná reported a total of 11 outbreaks (two outbreaks in Maringá, one in Grandes Rios, four in Loanda and two in Amaporã). Epidemiological investigation revealed that the disease entered Paraná because of the movement of 87 heifers from Mato Grosso do Sul on September 27, 2005. These animals originated from a APHIS Evaluation of the Status of the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina 23
Page 1 and 2: APHIS Evaluation of the Status of t
Page 3 and 4: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of Br
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASF: APHIS: B
Page 7 and 8: USDA: VIAA: VS: United States Depar
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The U.S. Departme
Page 11 and 12: managers that will allow APHIS to d
Page 13 and 14: Legal authority for animal disease
Page 15 and 16: and implement animal health activit
Page 17 and 18: Table 2. Structure and human resour
Page 19 and 20: kept, with the documentation being
Page 21: Figure 5: FMD status zones, Brazil,
Page 25 and 26: higher risk. In addition, the local
Page 27 and 28: officials, the private sector’s p
Page 29 and 30: Immediate assistance to States for
Page 31 and 32: 7. Movement control, biosecurity, a
Page 33 and 34: In 2005, Santa Catarina’s officia
Page 35 and 36: products, such as offal for human c
Page 37 and 38: Brazilian law prohibits all transpo
Page 39 and 40: corridor inspection posts that were
Page 41 and 42: Table 7. Livestock farms in Santa C
Page 43 and 44: Figure 10: Bovine density and distr
Page 45 and 46: The cooperative farm producers kept
Page 47 and 48: Animal gathering points In Santa Ca
Page 49 and 50: Three geographical sampling strata
Page 51 and 52: follow on notification of vesicular
Page 53 and 54: Table 10. Samples collected in 2000
Page 55 and 56: 10. Diagnostic laboratory capacity
Page 57 and 58: provide CSFV-FMDV diagnostics. Thes
Page 59 and 60: holding and begin tracing animal mo
Page 61 and 62: Likelihood of the introduction of n
Page 63 and 64: Exposure Assessment An exposure ass
Page 65 and 66: apparent [28]. Survival of both SVD
Page 67 and 68: eradication strategies to control t
Page 69 and 70: partners’ restrictions on animals
Page 71 and 72: ANNEXES Annex 1. Hazard Identificat
Page 73 and 74:
assay test. Other diagnostic tests
Page 75 and 76:
Annex 3. Hazard Identification: Swi
Page 77 and 78:
Annex 5. Epidemiologic Characterist
Page 79 and 80:
REFERENCES 1. Office International
Page 81 and 82:
43. Green, J.W. and Grannis, J.L. E
Page 83 and 84:
2. Title 9, Code of Federal Regulat
Page 85 and 86:
45. Kitching, R., et al. Developmen
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Exhibit 8, 100416 Brazil FMD Risk Evaluation - R-Calf

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