Exhibit 8, 100416 Brazil FMD Risk Evaluation - R-Calf

Annex 5. Epidemiologic Characteristics of Rinderpest
Etiologic Agent
Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Morbillivirus
Status in the United States
The United States has been historically free from rinderpest.
Distribution
Historically the virus was widely distributed throughout Europe, Africa, Asia and West Asia, but
never became established in either the Americas or Australia/New Zealand. Rinderpest is an OIE
listed disease. [83] In Africa it has been eradicated from several countries and sub-regions, and is
normally absent from the northern and southern parts of the continent. Rinderpest occurs in the
Middle East and in southwestern and central Asia [84].
Epidemiology
Rinderpest is a highly fatal viral disease of domestic cattle, buffaloes and yaks. It also affects sheep,
goats and some breeds of pigs (Asian pigs seem more susceptible than African and European pigs).
Rinderpest can infect a large variety of wildlife species, including African buffaloes, eland, kudu,
wilde-beest, various antelopes, bushpigs, warthog and giraffes but is rare among camelids [83, 84,
85].
Transmission of rinderpest can occur through direct or close indirect contacts. The usual route of
infection is via the respiratory tract with an incubation period of generally 4 to 5 days following
natural exposures but which may range from 3 to 15 days. Viral shedding begins 1-2 days before
pyrexia in tears, nasal secretions, saliva, urine and feces and typically continues for 8 to 9 days after
the onset of clinical signs. Blood and all tissues are infectious before the appearance of clinical
signs.
Rinderpest can take several clinical presentations; classic, peracute, subacute and atypical. There is
no carrier state following infection. The classic form is characterized by a 2- to 3-day period of high
fever, depression, anorexia, reduced rumination, increased respiratory and cardiac rate, congested
mucus membranes, intense mucopurulent lachrymation and excessive salivation. Gastrointestinal
signs appear when the fever drops with profuse hemorrhagic diarrhea. Dehydration, abdominal pain,
abdominal respiration, weakness, recumbency and death generally occur within 8-12 days. In rare
cases, clinical signs regress by day 10 and recovery occurs by day 20-25.
The peracute form has no prodromal signs and is characterized by high fever (>40-42°C) and death.
The peracute form occurs in highly susceptible young and newborn animals. The subacute form has
a low mortality rate and a similar clinical presentation to the classic form. The atypical form is
characterized by irregular pyrexia with mild or no diarrhea.
Rinderpest virus is relatively resistant and is stable between pH 4.0 and 10.0 but is susceptible to
most common disinfectants including lipid solvents. The virus remains viable for long periods in
chilled or frozen tissues. Small amounts of rinderpest virus may survive relatively high
temperatures—56°C (133°F) for 60 min or 60°C (140°F) for 30 min.
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