of Photonics Technologies: the European Perspective The Leverage Effect

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The Leverage Effect of Photonics Technologies: the European Perspective The outcome of the survey provided a list of indications from the experts on their view of dependency of the industries and markets to photonics technologies. To translate the outcomes of the survey to a usable indicator for calculations, the leverage impact measure (LIM) was devised 22 . This LIM is the indicator for dependence of a specific industry/ market on photonics technology and has a range from 0 to 100%. The LIM can be greater than the percentage that photonics represents in the final bill of materials of a product. If the functionality of a product is highly dependent on photonics, but just a small portion of the product is photonics technology, the LIM can be a 100%. An example is a DVD player with only a low cost diode laser and photonic sensor as photonics components, still being totally dependent on photonics technologies. Another element is that if a product depends on multiple photonic technologies, the LIM can not exceed 100% and the photonics technology with highest LIM is dominant. This approach reflects the logic that the maximum dependency is not reduced in any way if other technologies are less crucial to a particular application. To complete the leverage assessment, the LIM data was combined with a quantitative assessment of the size of the various impacted industries and markets. For the economic data, the Eurostat database was used 23 . To populate these clusters of economic activities with economic data only relevant for photonics, they were connected to the NACE sectors (3-digit) that show significant dependency on photonics. In this way, e.g. the manufacturing of electronic and optical components do not include “31.1 Manufacture of electric motors, generators and transformers”. A detailed overview of the NACE industries attributed to the Enabled manufacturing industries and Final markets is provided in Annex F. Eurostat is also used for production data. However, turnover data for service sectors are taken from a variety of sources and have been cross checked to ensure compatibility with the manufacturing data. For 172 / 190 22 The choices made by the respondents to the survey are semi-quantitative and thus can be translated into LIMs. Based on further expert consultation we assigned typical fixed percentages as benchmarks to the values of the scores. “Crucial” should be interpreted as at least a 90% LIM and this is represented by a value score of 4. The other benchmark values were chosen similarly with score value 1 = 1% and score value 2 = 10% and a score value of 3 = 50% - thus giving a roughly logarithmic scale which agreed well with independent LIM estimates made by the project team. Once converted into LIM percentages the scores were averaged between respondents in the usual way. 23 Eurostat provides robust economic data, albeit, slightly out of date (the latest consistent information at the time was available for 2008) and with some imprecision in regard to the correspondence between NACE and RAMON code systems.
The Leverage Effect of Photonics Technologies: the European Perspective tradeable goods import and export data are also derived from Eurostat 24 . This leads to the following equation for the calculation of the photonics market leverage: PM Lindustry/market = LIM industry/market • Market size industry/market This calculation of the PML is specific to each sector and market, but a summation over all industries and markets analysed will provide a macro overview of the total leverage. This same approach can also be followed to assess the photonics employment leverage. Based on the same sources and approach, this would lead to the following equation: PEL industry/market = LIM industry/market • #Empl industry/market Also here, the assessment of the PEL is sector and market specific and a summation over all industries and markets analysed will provide a macro overview of the total leverage regarding employment 24 To give a true representation of the actual economic activity in the impacted industries and markets sectors in Europe, the total European market is taken as imports plus production less exports within each sector. This calculation is important to fully capture the levels of European economic activity in each sector. For example, goods which are imported and used in Europe, but manufactured elsewhere can still be highly dependent on photonics and are fully accounted for using this methodology. 173 / 190
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