of Photonics Technologies: the European Perspective The Leverage Effect

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The Leverage Effect of Photonics Technologies: the European Perspective (CFLs). Although the market penetration of CFLs relative to incandescent bulbs is not yet complete, CFL technology is relatively mature. Solid state lighting (O)LED lighting is generally accepted as offering significant further benefits over CFLs in efficiency, quality of light and the avoidance of Mercury found in CFLs. Thus solid state lighting (O)LED lighting is the main focus of market and technology development in the foreseeable future. It is important to note that the linkages between displays and advanced lighting are strong and this connection will even grow. This is based on the development of (O)LED light sources that are used for lighting, as well as the use of backlighting for LCD displays. 70 / 190 3.5.2 The European value chain The value chain of advanced photonics lighting is more complex than just the production of LED or OLED chips. Research on advanced lighting includes not only materials research in order to develop new more energy efficient (O)LEDs, with better colour characteristics, but also on better manufacturing processes. Human perceptions and experience of lighting forms another separate research area. The production process for inorganic solid state lighting is in principle based on wafer scale manufacturing methods common in the semiconductor industry, using III-V semiconductors. However, due to the rapid growth and potential benefits of organic LEDs, manufacturing of these types of lighting element are also of interest. They combine new polymer semiconducting base materials with other organic raw base materials. The manufacturing of solid state lighting components is very much a high volume industry and therefore favours large producers of both (O)LEDs. OLED manufacturing for general lighting is still an emerging market (approximately 5 years), offering potential for current and new suppliers. The manufacturing of lighting fixtures (luminaries) has different characteristics, due to the high degree of customization. Therefore it is more closely aligned to the design requirements of domestic, industrial or specialist lighting. Advanced lighting can play a key role in some specialized manufacturing processes, e.g. semiconductor lithography and stage lighting, but although providing critical functionality these markets tend to be small relative to the general lighting market and are therefore only consider briefly. Lighting is used in various final markets. The largest application can be seen in lighting in homes and commercial buildings, but also outdoor and automotive lighting are substantial application segments. Lighting research is highly related to that of the displays industry, as
The Leverage Effect of Photonics Technologies: the European Perspective the base materials are within the same family. Although the absolute number of research institutes working in lighting is limited, the potential number of research organisations that can contribute to this area is much higher as ~20% of the research organisations are conducting research in displays (Photonics21). This is mainly based on the strong historical position in displays, which has a strong overlap with lighting. Therefore European research in lighting is significant, especially looking at the colour characteristics and research in production processes, as well as new types of lighting panes (e.g. flexible panels). Also the more social sciences and humanity disciplines are well represented in Europe (e.g. design, human perception). Overall, strong country representation can be seen from Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK. There are not a vast number of European manufacturers of components (LED components, electronics), although some European manufactures are among the world’s largest producers. As with production of flat panel displays, Asia (and the USA) are the largest producers of basic LED chips. A trend can even be seen that European manufacturers of these components move their production to Asia. However, in the market of the integration of the components into luminaries Europe is highly represented. About 15% of all companies mapped in the Photonics21 database work in the field of lighting. Some European multinationals are global players in both the consumer and professional markets, but also European SMEs are highly represented. Much is expected from OLED lighting, as this technology offers interesting characteristics on colour, energy saving and manipulation. Europe is at the forefront of developments, as the research and industry have a leading role. However, production of OLED panels is currently based mainly in Asia due to its current alignment with the display industry. The use of lighting systems in enabled manufacturing industries is mostly limited to the general use. More specialised lighting (e.g. events lighting, disinfection, lithography) is limited, but European companies are strong in these high cost niche markets. However, these markets are too limited to discuss in detail. Looking at the final markets, the absolute size of the market is still small. The largest market is in the architectural and industrial areas, mainly due to its energy saving characteristics but also due to improved lighting quality and greater design freedom. Europe has strong players in this field. Residential lighting (housing and street lighting) and 71 / 190
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