The Questions of Developmental Biology

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Evidence for Genomic Equivalence Differential Gene Expression RNA Localization Techniques Determining the Function of Genes during Development Identifying the Genes for Human Developmental Anomalies Principles of Development: Genes and Development References 5. The genetic core of development: Differential gene expression Differential Gene Transcription Methylation Pattern and the Control of Transcription Transcriptional Regulation of an Entire Chromosome: Dosage Compensation Differential RNA Processing Control of Gene Expression at the Level of Translation Epilogue: Posttranslational Gene Regulation Principles of Development: Developmental Genetics References 6. Cell-cell communication in development Induction and Competence Paracrine Factors Cell Surface Receptors and Their Signal Transduction Pathways The Cell Death Pathways Juxtacrine Signaling Cross-Talk between Pathways Coda Principles of Development:Cell-Cell Communication References
PART 2: Early embryonic development 7. Fertilization: Beginning a new organism Structure of the Gametes Recognition of Egg and Sperm Gamete Fusion and the Prevention of Polyspermy The Activation of Egg Metabolism Fusion of the Genetic Material Rearrangement of the Egg Cytoplasm Snapshot Summary: Fertilization References 8. Early development in selected invertebrates An Introduction to Early Developmental Processes The Early Development of Sea Urchins The Early Development of Snails Early Development in Tunicates Early Development of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans References 9. The genetics of axis specification in Drosophila Early Drosophila Development The Origins of Anterior-Posterior Polarity The Generation of Dorsal-Ventral Polarity References 10. Early development and axis formation in amphibians Early Amphibian Development Axis Formation in Amphibians: The Phenomenon of the Organizer References
Page 1: PART 1. Principles of development i
Page 5 and 6: 15. Lateral plate mesoderm and endo
Page 7 and 8: Hox Genes: Descent with Modificatio
Page 9 and 10: The question of growth. How do our
Page 11 and 12: Embryonic homologies One of the mos
Page 13 and 14: absent (Figure 1.16A). Over 7000 af
Page 15 and 16: Such growth, in which the shape is
Page 17 and 18: One way to search for the chemicals
Page 19 and 20: 2 3 hours as adults, and they must
Page 21 and 22: for the following spring's breeding
Page 23 and 24: VADE MECUM Amphibian development. T
Page 25 and 26: The formation of a cap is a complex
Page 27 and 28: In Chlamydomonas, recognition occur
Page 29 and 30: organism with two distinct and inte
Page 31 and 32: Aggregation is initiated as each of
Page 33 and 34: The mathematics of such oscillation
Page 35 and 36: gonidia to undergo a modified patte
Page 37 and 38: Sponges develop in a manner so diff
Page 39 and 40: Embryology provides an endless asso
Page 41 and 42: Environmental sex determination Sex
Page 43 and 44: Protection of the egg by sunscreens
Page 45 and 46: The Developmental Mechanics of Cell
Page 47 and 48: Autonomous specification was first
Page 49 and 50: In postulating this model, Weismann
Page 51 and 52: Insofar as it contains a nucleus, e
Page 53 and 54:
Other tissues may use the same grad
Page 55 and 56:
will give rise to its particular or
Page 57 and 58:
Sydney Brenner (quoted in Wilkins 1
Page 59 and 60:
The results of their experiments we
Page 61 and 62:
This observation led Steinberg to p
Page 63 and 64:
into a single layer of cells (Takei
Page 65 and 66:
6. In conditional specification, th
Page 67 and 68:
3. Geneticists had to explain pheno
Page 69 and 70:
These events are not the normal rou
Page 71 and 72:
differentiated; each of them contai
Page 73 and 74:
federal proscription of human cloni
Page 75 and 76:
ecombinase enzymes are active only
Page 77 and 78:
In situ hybridization But where was
Page 79 and 80:
damaged.) The second primer is adde
Page 81 and 82:
By using the appropriate restrictio
Page 83 and 84:
These homozygous mutant mice lacked
Page 85 and 86:
Phenotype Manipulation This technol
Page 87 and 88:
The second approach is candidate ge
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developmental genetics is different
Page 91 and 92:
This gene consists of the following
Page 93 and 94:
In addition to these basal transcri
Page 95 and 96:
Enhancers are critical in the regul
Page 97 and 98:
The third functional region of MITF
Page 99 and 100:
A fourth enhancer sequence, located
Page 101 and 102:
The discovery of the human globin L
Page 103 and 104:
The results of this procedure are o
Page 105 and 106:
In vertebrates, the presence of met
Page 107 and 108:
chromatin that remains condensed th
Page 109 and 110:
Second, knocking out one Xist locus
Page 111 and 112:
types of cells (Kleene and Humphrey
Page 113 and 114:
(Sxl) gene,* while the autosomes pr
Page 115 and 116:
Table 5.3. Some mRNAs stored in ooc
Page 117 and 118:
determine the anterior-posterior ax
Page 119 and 120:
6. Cell-cell communication in devel
Page 121 and 122:
The inducing tissue does not need i
Page 123 and 124:
Instructive and permissive interact
Page 125 and 126:
mouth, whereas the frog tadpole pro
Page 127 and 128:
are utilized throughout the animal
Page 129 and 130:
includes the TGF-β family, the act
Page 131 and 132:
The RTK spans the cell membrane, an
Page 133 and 134:
members of this family: the C. eleg
Page 135 and 136:
The Wnt pathway Members of the Wnt
Page 137 and 138:
The Hedgehog pathway is extremely i
Page 139 and 140:
A series of mutations has been foun
Page 141 and 142:
The Nature of Human Syndromes As we
Page 143 and 144:
vertebral column deformities, myopi
Page 145 and 146:
The mammalian homologue of CED-4 is
Page 147 and 148:
In the absence of Notch gene transc
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extracellular matrix (Figure 6.32).
Page 151 and 152:
mammary gland tissue. The binding o
Page 153 and 154:
In some cells, gene transcription r
Page 155 and 156:
PARTE 2. Early embryonic developmen
Page 157 and 158:
The means by which sperm are propel
Page 159 and 160:
The sperm released during ejaculati
Page 161 and 162:
Lying immediately beneath the plasm
Page 163 and 164:
The mechanisms of chemotaxis differ
Page 165 and 166:
Once the sea urchin sperm has penet
Page 167 and 168:
Removal of these threonine- or seri
Page 169 and 170:
undergo the acrosomal reaction with
Page 171 and 172:
Gamete Fusion and the Prevention of
Page 173 and 174:
The fast block to polyspermy. The f
Page 175 and 176:
envelope to expand and become the f
Page 177 and 178:
The calcium ions responsible for th
Page 179 and 180:
Thus, the conversion of NAD + to NA
Page 181 and 182:
eticulum (McPherson et al. 1992). T
Page 183 and 184:
cAMP-dependent protein kinase activ
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These cells divide to form embryos
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(Figure 7.34; Elinson and Rowning 1
Page 189 and 190:
6. In many species, eggs secrete di
Page 191 and 192:
One consequence of this rapid cell
Page 193 and 194:
Table 8.1. Karyokinesis and cytokin
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provides a classification of cleava
Page 197 and 198:
This occurred at precisely the time
Page 199 and 200:
These rapid and invariant cell clea
Page 201 and 202:
The identities of the signaling mol
Page 203 and 204:
Ingression of primary mesenchyme Fu
Page 205 and 206:
But these guidance cues cannot be s
Page 207 and 208:
lastocoel wall (Dan and Okazaki 195
Page 209 and 210:
The orientation of the cleavage pla
Page 211 and 212:
stage, the remaining cells divide n
Page 213 and 214:
embryos can produce these cells, bu
Page 215 and 216:
Early Development in Tunicates Tuni
Page 217 and 218:
(or inactivating) specific genes. T
Page 219 and 220:
occur under laboratory conditions.
Page 221 and 222:
the germ cells. Using fluorescent a
Page 223 and 224:
Conditional specification As we saw
Page 225 and 226:
eggs. Coda This chapter has describ
Page 227 and 228:
9. The genetics of axis specificati
Page 229 and 230:
Following cycle 13, the oocyte plas
Page 231 and 232:
Thus, at the end of germ band forma
Page 233 and 234:
Classic embryological experiments d
Page 235 and 236:
posterior region of the unfertilize
Page 237 and 238:
Further studies have strengthened t
Page 239 and 240:
The Hunchback protein also works wi
Page 241 and 242:
transcription factor to activate an
Page 243 and 244:
The gap genes The gap genes were or
Page 245 and 246:
Table 9.2. Major genes affecting se
Page 247 and 248:
The development of the normal patte
Page 249 and 250:
However, the mechanism by which the
Page 251 and 252:
As we saw above, the gap gene and p
Page 253 and 254:
can substitute for Ultrabithorax an
Page 255 and 256:
The Translocation of Dorsal Protein
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The Gurken signal is received by th
Page 259 and 260:
This fate map is generated by the g
Page 261 and 262:
first glimpses of the multiple leve
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10. Early development and axis form
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While these cells are dividing, num
Page 267 and 268:
The next phase of gastrulation invo
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Black and Gerhart (1985, 1986) let
Page 271 and 272:
The convergent extension of the dor
Page 273 and 274:
During early gastrulation, three ro
Page 275 and 276:
Spemann concluded from this experim
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Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold: Pri
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We will take up each of these quest
Page 281 and 282:
Moreover, the injection of exogenou
Page 283 and 284:
These Nodal-related proteins will a
Page 285 and 286:
The diffusible proteins of the orga
Page 287 and 288:
Follistatin. The fourth organizer-s
Page 289 and 290:
Frzb and Dickkopf. Shortly after th
Page 291 and 292:
Moreover, when dorsal blastopore li
Page 293 and 294:
The relationship between these thre
Page 295 and 296:
Nodal protein activates expression
Page 297 and 298:
11. The early development of verteb
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Gastrulation in Fish Embryos The fi
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If one conceptually opens a Xenopus
Page 303 and 304:
Left-right axis formation Little is
Page 305 and 306:
thereby forming the secondary hypob
Page 307 and 308:
This region, the germinal crescent,
Page 309 and 310:
Axis Formation in the Chick Embryo
Page 311 and 312:
The mechanisms for neural induction
Page 313 and 314:
*Arendt and Nübler-Jung (1999) hav
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Compaction The fifth, and perhaps t
Page 317 and 318:
Modifications for development withi
Page 319 and 320:
The ectodermal precursors end up an
Page 321 and 322:
These include the genes for transcr
Page 323 and 324:
Experimental analysis of the hox co
Page 325 and 326:
Kessel and Gruss (1991) found this
Page 327 and 328:
Mice homozygous for an insertion mu
Page 329 and 330:
7. In birds, gravity is critical in
Page 331 and 332:
This tissue forms the amnionic sac
Page 333 and 334:
12. The central nervous system and
Page 335 and 336:
surrounding them. As much as 50% of
Page 337 and 338:
Cell wedging is intimately linked t
Page 339 and 340:
Fig 12.6 Human neural tube closure
Page 341 and 342:
The anterior-posterior axis The ear
Page 343 and 344:
Ventral patterning of the neural tu
Page 345 and 346:
The time of this vertical division
Page 347 and 348:
layer (Wallace 1999). Each Purkinje
Page 349 and 350:
However, if these cells are transpl
Page 351 and 352:
Neuronal Types The human brain cons
Page 353 and 354:
Neurons transmit electrical impulse
Page 355 and 356:
Development of the Vertebrate Eye A
Page 357 and 358:
In addition, there are numerous Mü
Page 359 and 360:
are shed and are replaced by new ce
Page 361 and 362:
Just as there is a pluripotent neur
Page 363 and 364:
13. Neural crest cells and axonal s
Page 365 and 366:
The Trunk Neural Crest Migration pa
Page 367 and 368:
Recognition of surrounding extracel
Page 369 and 370:
However, D. J. Anderson's laborator
Page 371 and 372:
Neural crest cells from rhombomeres
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the aortic arch arteries and the se
Page 375 and 376:
Soon afterward, the expression patt
Page 377 and 378:
Ericson and colleagues (1996) have
Page 379 and 380:
That it must be a sort of a surface
Page 381 and 382:
the G growth cone acts abnormally,
Page 383 and 384:
Guidance by diffusible molecules Ne
Page 385 and 386:
There is some reciprocity in scienc
Page 387 and 388:
The activity of the synapse release
Page 389 and 390:
Growth of the retinal ganglion axon
Page 391 and 392:
The complicated nerve fiber circuit
Page 393 and 394:
Snapshot Summary: Neural Crest Cell
Page 395 and 396:
Fetal Neurons in Adult Hosts In 197
Page 397 and 398:
Somites give rise to the cells that
Page 399 and 400:
Eph signaling is thought to mediate
Page 401 and 402:
(The dermis of other areas of the b
Page 403 and 404:
Muscle cell fusion The myotome cell
Page 405 and 406:
The mechanism of intramembranous os
Page 407 and 408:
mitochondrial energy potential (Sha
Page 409 and 410:
Mutations in FGFR1 can cause Pfeiff
Page 411 and 412:
These buds eventually separate from
Page 413 and 414:
Step 2: The metanephrogenic mesench
Page 415 and 416:
Step 5: Conversion of the aggregate
Page 417 and 418:
6. The two myotome regions are spec
Page 419 and 420:
The Heart The circulatory system is
Page 421 and 422:
This fusion occurs at about 29 hour
Page 423 and 424:
Formation of Blood Vessels Although
Page 425 and 426:
networks of each organ arise within
Page 427 and 428:
In some instances, angiogenesis may
Page 429 and 430:
This became apparent when experimen
Page 431 and 432:
Blood and lymphocyte lineages. Figu
Page 433 and 434:
Chick cells are readily distinguish
Page 435 and 436:
In mammalian embryos, food and oxyg
Page 437 and 438:
*In some infants, the septa fail to
Page 439 and 440:
As Figure 15.27 shows, the stomach
Page 441 and 442:
The surfactant enables the alveolar
Page 443 and 444:
In mammals, the size of the allanto
Page 445 and 446:
inhibits liver formation (Figure 15
Page 447 and 448:
Moreover, as will be detailed in Ch
Page 449 and 450:
These cells secrete the paracrine f
Page 451 and 452:
Induction of the apical ectodermal
Page 453 and 454:
The progress zone: The mesodermal c
Page 455 and 456:
The mechanism by which Hox genes co
Page 457 and 458:
Thus, while the Hox gene expression
Page 459 and 460:
Charité and colleagues (1994) have
Page 461 and 462:
Between the time when the cell's de
Page 463 and 464:
Snapshot Summary: The Tetrapod Limb
Page 465 and 466:
This environmental view of sex dete
Page 467 and 468:
The cells of the seminiferous tubul
Page 469 and 470:
into the mesenchyme, but stay near
Page 471 and 472:
There was a strict correlation betw
Page 473 and 474:
Wnt4: a potential ovary-determining
Page 475 and 476:
Anti-müllerian duct hormone Anti-M
Page 477 and 478:
in another (see Jacklin 1981; Bleie
Page 479 and 480:
Chromosomal Sex Determination in Dr
Page 481 and 482:
The sex-lethal gene as the pivot fo
Page 483 and 484:
Doublesex: The switch gene of sex d
Page 485 and 486:
It is not known whether the tempera
Page 487 and 488:
18. Metamorphosis, regeneration, an
Page 489 and 490:
There are no ipsilateral (same-side
Page 491 and 492:
Organ-specific response to thyroid
Page 493 and 494:
The more T 3 receptors a tissue has
Page 495 and 496:
Other species, such as A. tigrinum,
Page 497 and 498:
Metamorphosis in Insects Types of i
Page 499 and 500:
On one side of the sac, the epithel
Page 501 and 502:
During the first larval instar, the
Page 503 and 504:
central region producing the Wingle
Page 505 and 506:
The molecular biology of hydroxyecd
Page 507 and 508:
Since its discovery in 1954, when B
Page 509 and 510:
How do they regain the ability to d
Page 511 and 512:
It is probable that during normal r
Page 513 and 514:
The head activator gradient. The ab
Page 515 and 516:
*The tradition of leaving one's boo
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However, recent studies have indica
Page 519 and 520:
Moreover, if a mutation occured in
Page 521 and 522:
Snapshot Summary: Metamorphosis, Re
Page 523 and 524:
19. The saga of the germ line We be
Page 525 and 526:
In the nematode C. elegans, the ger
Page 527 and 528:
When ultraviolet light is applied t
Page 529 and 530:
Fibronectin is likely to be an impo
Page 531 and 532:
Germ cell migration in birds and re
Page 533 and 534:
EG Cells, ES Cells, and Teratocarci
Page 535 and 536:
come together and are then separate
Page 537 and 538:
The distal tip cell extends long fi
Page 539 and 540:
The initiation of spermatogenesis d
Page 541 and 542:
ecause the flagellum is beginning t
Page 543 and 544:
A partial catalogue of the material
Page 545 and 546:
When a specific 340-base sequence f
Page 547 and 548:
Oocyte chromosomes can be incubated
Page 549 and 550:
The structure of the meroistic ovar
Page 551 and 552:
Periodically, a group of primordial
Page 553 and 554:
Following ovulation, the luteal pha
Page 555 and 556:
20. An overview of plant developmen
Page 557 and 558:
oth the embryo and the mature sporo
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*A small weed in the mustard family
Page 561 and 562:
should provide information on the e
Page 563 and 564:
of hormones. In scarlet runner bean
Page 565 and 566:
embryos demonstrate that isolated p
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When the shoot emerges from the soi
Page 569 and 570:
etween nodes is called an internode
Page 571 and 572:
flowering patterns among the over 3
Page 573 and 574:
genes, class D genes are now being
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Table 21.1. Specific settlement sub
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Predictable Environmental Differenc
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Diapause Many species of insects ha
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The hindwing pigments of the short-
Page 583 and 584:
Ferguson and Joanen (1982) speculat
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Predator-Induced Defenses One survi
Page 587 and 588:
3. Antigens are presented (usually
Page 589 and 590:
the ipsilateral eye. The situation
Page 591 and 592:
*The importance of substrates for l
Page 593 and 594:
Thus, most abnormal embryos are spo
Page 595 and 596:
Retinoic acid as a teratogen In som
Page 597 and 598:
Another pathway to apoptosis involv
Page 599 and 600:
Whether heavy maternal alcohol cons
Page 601 and 602:
Some scientists, however, say that
Page 603 and 604:
Chains of causation Whether in law
Page 605 and 606:
Snapshot Summary: The Environmental
Page 607 and 608:
One could emphasize the common desc
Page 609 and 610:
The search for the Urbilaterian anc
Page 611 and 612:
Hox Genes: Descent with Modificatio
Page 613 and 614:
Changes in Hox gene transcription p
Page 615 and 616:
But within the crustacean lineages,
Page 617 and 618:
Changes in Hox gene number The numb
Page 619 and 620:
Homologous Pathways of Development
Page 621 and 622:
The gradient of Dpp concentration f
Page 623 and 624:
Modularity: The Prerequisite for Ev
Page 625 and 626:
Such a trait would be selected for
Page 627 and 628:
*The lack of such transitional form
Page 629 and 630:
Coevolution of ligand and receptor
Page 631 and 632:
Evidence for this mathematical mode
Page 633 and 634:
It is difficult for a mutation to a
Page 635 and 636:
The population genetics model conta
Page 637 and 638:
However, once one adds development
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A partial list of genes active in h
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