The Questions of Developmental Biology

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11. The early development of vertebrates: Fish, birds, and mammals Early Development in Fish Early Development in Birds Early Mammalian Development References PART 3: Later embryonic development 12. The central nervous system and the epidermis Formation of the Neural Tube Differentiation of the Neural Tube Tissue Architecture of the Central Nervous System Neuronal Types Development of the Vertebrate Eye The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures Snapshot Summary: Central Nervous System and Epidermis References 13. Neural crest cells and axonal specificity The Neural Crest Neuronal Specification and Axonal Specificity References 14. Paraxial and intermediate mesoderm Paraxial Mesoderm: The Somites and Their Derivatives Myogenesis: The Development of Muscle Osteogenesis: The Development of Bones Intermediate Mesoderm Snapshot Summary: Paraxial and Intermediate Mesoderm References
15. Lateral plate mesoderm and endoderm Lateral Plate Mesoderm Endoderm References 16. Development of the tetrapod limb Formation of the Limb Bud Generating the Proximal-Distal Axis of the Limb Specification of the Anterior-Posterior Limb Axis The Generation of the Dorsal-Ventral Axis Coordination among the Three Axes Cell Death and the Formation of Digits and Joints Snapshot Summary: The Tetrapod Limb References 17. Sex determination Chromosomal Sex Determination in Mammals Chromosomal Sex Determination in Drosophila Environmental Sex Determination Snapshot Summary: Sex Determination References 18. Metamorphosis, regeneration, and aging Metamorphosis: The Hormonal Reactivation of Development Regeneration Aging: The Biology of Senescence References 19. The saga of the germ line Germ Plasm and the Determination of the Primordial Germ Cells
Page 1 and 2: PART 1. Principles of development i
Page 3: PART 2: Early embryonic development
Page 7 and 8: Hox Genes: Descent with Modificatio
Page 9 and 10: The question of growth. How do our
Page 11 and 12: Embryonic homologies One of the mos
Page 13 and 14: absent (Figure 1.16A). Over 7000 af
Page 15 and 16: Such growth, in which the shape is
Page 17 and 18: One way to search for the chemicals
Page 19 and 20: 2 3 hours as adults, and they must
Page 21 and 22: for the following spring's breeding
Page 23 and 24: VADE MECUM Amphibian development. T
Page 25 and 26: The formation of a cap is a complex
Page 27 and 28: In Chlamydomonas, recognition occur
Page 29 and 30: organism with two distinct and inte
Page 31 and 32: Aggregation is initiated as each of
Page 33 and 34: The mathematics of such oscillation
Page 35 and 36: gonidia to undergo a modified patte
Page 37 and 38: Sponges develop in a manner so diff
Page 39 and 40: Embryology provides an endless asso
Page 41 and 42: Environmental sex determination Sex
Page 43 and 44: Protection of the egg by sunscreens
Page 45 and 46: The Developmental Mechanics of Cell
Page 47 and 48: Autonomous specification was first
Page 49 and 50: In postulating this model, Weismann
Page 51 and 52: Insofar as it contains a nucleus, e
Page 53 and 54: Other tissues may use the same grad
Page 55 and 56:
will give rise to its particular or
Page 57 and 58:
Sydney Brenner (quoted in Wilkins 1
Page 59 and 60:
The results of their experiments we
Page 61 and 62:
This observation led Steinberg to p
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into a single layer of cells (Takei
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6. In conditional specification, th
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3. Geneticists had to explain pheno
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These events are not the normal rou
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differentiated; each of them contai
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federal proscription of human cloni
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ecombinase enzymes are active only
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In situ hybridization But where was
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damaged.) The second primer is adde
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By using the appropriate restrictio
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These homozygous mutant mice lacked
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Phenotype Manipulation This technol
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The second approach is candidate ge
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developmental genetics is different
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This gene consists of the following
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In addition to these basal transcri
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Enhancers are critical in the regul
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The third functional region of MITF
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A fourth enhancer sequence, located
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The discovery of the human globin L
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The results of this procedure are o
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In vertebrates, the presence of met
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chromatin that remains condensed th
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Second, knocking out one Xist locus
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types of cells (Kleene and Humphrey
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(Sxl) gene,* while the autosomes pr
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Table 5.3. Some mRNAs stored in ooc
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determine the anterior-posterior ax
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6. Cell-cell communication in devel
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The inducing tissue does not need i
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Instructive and permissive interact
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mouth, whereas the frog tadpole pro
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are utilized throughout the animal
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includes the TGF-β family, the act
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The RTK spans the cell membrane, an
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members of this family: the C. eleg
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The Wnt pathway Members of the Wnt
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The Hedgehog pathway is extremely i
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A series of mutations has been foun
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The Nature of Human Syndromes As we
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vertebral column deformities, myopi
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The mammalian homologue of CED-4 is
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In the absence of Notch gene transc
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extracellular matrix (Figure 6.32).
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mammary gland tissue. The binding o
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In some cells, gene transcription r
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PARTE 2. Early embryonic developmen
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The means by which sperm are propel
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The sperm released during ejaculati
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Lying immediately beneath the plasm
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The mechanisms of chemotaxis differ
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Once the sea urchin sperm has penet
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Removal of these threonine- or seri
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undergo the acrosomal reaction with
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Gamete Fusion and the Prevention of
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The fast block to polyspermy. The f
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envelope to expand and become the f
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The calcium ions responsible for th
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Thus, the conversion of NAD + to NA
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eticulum (McPherson et al. 1992). T
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cAMP-dependent protein kinase activ
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These cells divide to form embryos
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(Figure 7.34; Elinson and Rowning 1
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6. In many species, eggs secrete di
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One consequence of this rapid cell
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Table 8.1. Karyokinesis and cytokin
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provides a classification of cleava
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This occurred at precisely the time
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These rapid and invariant cell clea
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The identities of the signaling mol
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Ingression of primary mesenchyme Fu
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But these guidance cues cannot be s
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lastocoel wall (Dan and Okazaki 195
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The orientation of the cleavage pla
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stage, the remaining cells divide n
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embryos can produce these cells, bu
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Early Development in Tunicates Tuni
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(or inactivating) specific genes. T
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occur under laboratory conditions.
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the germ cells. Using fluorescent a
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Conditional specification As we saw
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eggs. Coda This chapter has describ
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9. The genetics of axis specificati
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Following cycle 13, the oocyte plas
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Thus, at the end of germ band forma
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Classic embryological experiments d
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posterior region of the unfertilize
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Further studies have strengthened t
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The Hunchback protein also works wi
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transcription factor to activate an
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The gap genes The gap genes were or
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Table 9.2. Major genes affecting se
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The development of the normal patte
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However, the mechanism by which the
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As we saw above, the gap gene and p
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can substitute for Ultrabithorax an
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The Translocation of Dorsal Protein
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The Gurken signal is received by th
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This fate map is generated by the g
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first glimpses of the multiple leve
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10. Early development and axis form
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While these cells are dividing, num
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The next phase of gastrulation invo
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Black and Gerhart (1985, 1986) let
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The convergent extension of the dor
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During early gastrulation, three ro
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Spemann concluded from this experim
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Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold: Pri
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We will take up each of these quest
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Moreover, the injection of exogenou
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These Nodal-related proteins will a
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The diffusible proteins of the orga
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Follistatin. The fourth organizer-s
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Frzb and Dickkopf. Shortly after th
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Moreover, when dorsal blastopore li
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The relationship between these thre
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Nodal protein activates expression
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11. The early development of verteb
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Gastrulation in Fish Embryos The fi
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If one conceptually opens a Xenopus
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Left-right axis formation Little is
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thereby forming the secondary hypob
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This region, the germinal crescent,
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Axis Formation in the Chick Embryo
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The mechanisms for neural induction
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*Arendt and Nübler-Jung (1999) hav
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Compaction The fifth, and perhaps t
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Modifications for development withi
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The ectodermal precursors end up an
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These include the genes for transcr
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Experimental analysis of the hox co
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Kessel and Gruss (1991) found this
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Mice homozygous for an insertion mu
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7. In birds, gravity is critical in
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This tissue forms the amnionic sac
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12. The central nervous system and
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surrounding them. As much as 50% of
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Cell wedging is intimately linked t
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Fig 12.6 Human neural tube closure
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The anterior-posterior axis The ear
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Ventral patterning of the neural tu
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The time of this vertical division
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layer (Wallace 1999). Each Purkinje
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However, if these cells are transpl
Page 351 and 352:
Neuronal Types The human brain cons
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Neurons transmit electrical impulse
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Development of the Vertebrate Eye A
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In addition, there are numerous Mü
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are shed and are replaced by new ce
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Just as there is a pluripotent neur
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13. Neural crest cells and axonal s
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The Trunk Neural Crest Migration pa
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Recognition of surrounding extracel
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However, D. J. Anderson's laborator
Page 371 and 372:
Neural crest cells from rhombomeres
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the aortic arch arteries and the se
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Soon afterward, the expression patt
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Ericson and colleagues (1996) have
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That it must be a sort of a surface
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the G growth cone acts abnormally,
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Guidance by diffusible molecules Ne
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There is some reciprocity in scienc
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The activity of the synapse release
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Growth of the retinal ganglion axon
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The complicated nerve fiber circuit
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Snapshot Summary: Neural Crest Cell
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Fetal Neurons in Adult Hosts In 197
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Somites give rise to the cells that
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Eph signaling is thought to mediate
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(The dermis of other areas of the b
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Muscle cell fusion The myotome cell
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The mechanism of intramembranous os
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mitochondrial energy potential (Sha
Page 409 and 410:
Mutations in FGFR1 can cause Pfeiff
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These buds eventually separate from
Page 413 and 414:
Step 2: The metanephrogenic mesench
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Step 5: Conversion of the aggregate
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6. The two myotome regions are spec
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The Heart The circulatory system is
Page 421 and 422:
This fusion occurs at about 29 hour
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Formation of Blood Vessels Although
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networks of each organ arise within
Page 427 and 428:
In some instances, angiogenesis may
Page 429 and 430:
This became apparent when experimen
Page 431 and 432:
Blood and lymphocyte lineages. Figu
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Chick cells are readily distinguish
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In mammalian embryos, food and oxyg
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*In some infants, the septa fail to
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As Figure 15.27 shows, the stomach
Page 441 and 442:
The surfactant enables the alveolar
Page 443 and 444:
In mammals, the size of the allanto
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inhibits liver formation (Figure 15
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Moreover, as will be detailed in Ch
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These cells secrete the paracrine f
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Induction of the apical ectodermal
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The progress zone: The mesodermal c
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The mechanism by which Hox genes co
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Thus, while the Hox gene expression
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Charité and colleagues (1994) have
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Between the time when the cell's de
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Snapshot Summary: The Tetrapod Limb
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This environmental view of sex dete
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The cells of the seminiferous tubul
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into the mesenchyme, but stay near
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There was a strict correlation betw
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Wnt4: a potential ovary-determining
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Anti-müllerian duct hormone Anti-M
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in another (see Jacklin 1981; Bleie
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Chromosomal Sex Determination in Dr
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The sex-lethal gene as the pivot fo
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Doublesex: The switch gene of sex d
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It is not known whether the tempera
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18. Metamorphosis, regeneration, an
Page 489 and 490:
There are no ipsilateral (same-side
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Organ-specific response to thyroid
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The more T 3 receptors a tissue has
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Other species, such as A. tigrinum,
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Metamorphosis in Insects Types of i
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On one side of the sac, the epithel
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During the first larval instar, the
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central region producing the Wingle
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The molecular biology of hydroxyecd
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Since its discovery in 1954, when B
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How do they regain the ability to d
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It is probable that during normal r
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The head activator gradient. The ab
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*The tradition of leaving one's boo
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However, recent studies have indica
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Moreover, if a mutation occured in
Page 521 and 522:
Snapshot Summary: Metamorphosis, Re
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19. The saga of the germ line We be
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In the nematode C. elegans, the ger
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When ultraviolet light is applied t
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Fibronectin is likely to be an impo
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Germ cell migration in birds and re
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EG Cells, ES Cells, and Teratocarci
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come together and are then separate
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The distal tip cell extends long fi
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The initiation of spermatogenesis d
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ecause the flagellum is beginning t
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A partial catalogue of the material
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When a specific 340-base sequence f
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Oocyte chromosomes can be incubated
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The structure of the meroistic ovar
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Periodically, a group of primordial
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Following ovulation, the luteal pha
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20. An overview of plant developmen
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oth the embryo and the mature sporo
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*A small weed in the mustard family
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should provide information on the e
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of hormones. In scarlet runner bean
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embryos demonstrate that isolated p
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When the shoot emerges from the soi
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etween nodes is called an internode
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flowering patterns among the over 3
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genes, class D genes are now being
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Table 21.1. Specific settlement sub
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Predictable Environmental Differenc
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Diapause Many species of insects ha
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The hindwing pigments of the short-
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Ferguson and Joanen (1982) speculat
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Predator-Induced Defenses One survi
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3. Antigens are presented (usually
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the ipsilateral eye. The situation
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*The importance of substrates for l
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Thus, most abnormal embryos are spo
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Retinoic acid as a teratogen In som
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Another pathway to apoptosis involv
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Whether heavy maternal alcohol cons
Page 601 and 602:
Some scientists, however, say that
Page 603 and 604:
Chains of causation Whether in law
Page 605 and 606:
Snapshot Summary: The Environmental
Page 607 and 608:
One could emphasize the common desc
Page 609 and 610:
The search for the Urbilaterian anc
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Hox Genes: Descent with Modificatio
Page 613 and 614:
Changes in Hox gene transcription p
Page 615 and 616:
But within the crustacean lineages,
Page 617 and 618:
Changes in Hox gene number The numb
Page 619 and 620:
Homologous Pathways of Development
Page 621 and 622:
The gradient of Dpp concentration f
Page 623 and 624:
Modularity: The Prerequisite for Ev
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Such a trait would be selected for
Page 627 and 628:
*The lack of such transitional form
Page 629 and 630:
Coevolution of ligand and receptor
Page 631 and 632:
Evidence for this mathematical mode
Page 633 and 634:
It is difficult for a mutation to a
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The population genetics model conta
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However, once one adds development
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A partial list of genes active in h
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The Questions of Developmental Biology

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