A B C of Gothic Architecture

and
22 THE EAELY NOEMAN PEEIOD.
some Korman keeps of this periodremaining,as London ;
but Dover and Rochester in Kent, Newcastle in Northumberland,
Appleby and Carlisle in Cumberland,
Brougham in Westmoreland, Eichmond and Conisborough
in Yorkshire, Porchester in Hampshire, Guildford
in Surrey, Goodrich in Herefordshire, Norwich
and Castle llising in Norfolk, Hedingham and Colchester
in Essex, are later,and belong chieflyto the
twelfth century ;
but most of them, if not all, were
founded at this earlyperiod. Rochester has been entirely
rebuilt on another site. From the uniformity
of plan" a massive square tower, with a square turret
at each angle of small projection, and a flat buttress
up
the centre of each face
"
the general plainness
of the work, it requires a careful examination of each
of these buildings to ascertain to M-hich period it belongs.
The only parts where any
ornament is to be
found are usuallythe entrance- doorway and staircase,
and the ckapel, and these are commonly
rather late
Norman. There is solid wall in the middle,
frequentlya
in the lower parts. The passages
for
dividingthe keep into two portions, with no communication
communication
between one part of the building and
another are made in the thickness of the wall, the
central part having been divided by floors only, and
not vaulted, in the earlier examples. Groined stone