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British Guideline on the MAnAGeMent of AsthMA 2.6.3 MONITORING CHILDREN IN PRIMARy CARE 22 Asthma is best monitored in primary care by routine clinical review on at least an annual basis (see section 8.1.2). ; The factors that should be monitored and recorded include: symptom score, eg Children’s Asthma Control Test, Asthma Control Questionnaire exacerbations, oral corticosteroid use and time off school/nursery due to asthma since last assessment inhaler technique (see section 5) adherence (see section 9.2), which can be assessed by reviewing prescription refill frequency possession of and use of self management plan/personalised asthma action plan (see section 9.1) exposure to tobacco smoke growth (height and weight centile). 2.6.4 MONITORING ADULTS IN PRIMARy CARE Asthma is best monitored in primary care by routine clinical review on at least an annual basis (see section 8.1.2). ; The factors that should be monitored and recorded include: symptomatic asthma control: best assessed using directive questions such as the RCP ‘3 questions’, 109 or the Asthma Control Questionnaire or Asthma Control Test (see Table 8), since broad non-specific questions may underestimate symptoms lung function, assessed by spirometry or by PEF. Reduced lung function compared to previously recorded values may indicate current bronchoconstriction or a long term decline in lung function and should prompt detailed assessment. Patients with irreversible airflow obstruction may have an increased risk of exacerbations. exacerbations, oral corticosteroid use and time off work or school since last assessment inhaler technique (see section 5) adherence (see section 9.2), which can be assessed by reviewing prescription refill frequency bronchodilator reliance, which can be assessed by reviewing prescription refill frequency possession of and use of self management plan/personal action plan (see section 9.1).
Table 8: Summary of tools that can be used to assess asthma Measurement Methodology Spirometry110, 111 Widely available. Enables clear demonstration of airflow obstruction. FEv largely 1 independent of effort and highly repeatable. Less applicable in acute severe asthma. Only assesses one aspect of the disease state. Can be achieved in children as young as five years. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) 88,91,92, 112,834-836 Widely available and simple. Applicable in a wide variety of circumstances including acute severe asthma. PEF variability can be determined from home readings in most patients. PEF effort dependent and not as repeatable as FEv . 1 Measurement characteristics Normal ranges widely available and robust. In the short term (20 minute) 95% of repeat measures of FEv
Page 1 and 2: 101 British Guideline on the Manage
Page 3 and 4: British Thoracic Society Scottish I
Page 5 and 6: Revised 2011 Revised 2011 Revised 2
Page 7 and 8: 1 introduction 1.1 the need for A G
Page 9 and 10: 1.3.1 PATIENT vERSION Patient versi
Page 11 and 12: Table 1: Clinical features that inc
Page 13 and 14: Case detection studies have used sy
Page 15 and 16: 2.1.6 CHILDREN WITH AN INTERMEDIATE
Page 17 and 18: 2.3 suMMAry focus the initial asses
Page 19 and 20: 2.4 diAGnosis in Adults The diagnos
Page 21 and 22: 2.4.1 FURTHER INvESTIGATION OF PATI
Page 23 and 24: Table 6: Differential diagnosis of
Page 25 and 26: 2.5.1 TREATMENT TRIALS AND REvERSIB
Page 27: A small prospective observational s
Page 31 and 32: Measurement Methodology Asthma Cont
Page 33 and 34: Measurement Methodology Eosinophil
Page 35 and 36: 3.1.2 FOOD ALLERGEN AvOIDANCE Sensi
Page 37 and 38: The limited data on antenatal or ea
Page 39 and 40: 3.3.2 AIR POLLUTION Challenge studi
Page 41 and 42: 3.5 CoMPleMentAry And AlternAtive M
Page 43 and 44: Revised 2011 4 Pharmacological mana
Page 45 and 46: Table 8b: Equivalent doses of inhal
Page 47 and 48: 4.2.3 SAFETy OF INHALED STEROIDS Th
Page 49 and 50: 4.3.2 ADD-ON THERAPy Options for ad
Page 51 and 52: 4.4 steP 4: Poor Control on ModerAt
Page 53 and 54: 4 PhArMAColoGiCAl MAnAGeMent Colchi
Page 55 and 56: MOVE UP TO IMPROVE CONTROL AS NEEDE
Page 57 and 58: 4.6 stePPinG doWn Stepping down the
Page 59 and 60: 4.7.5 ASPIRIN-INTOLERANT ASTHMA The
Page 61 and 62: 5.3 inhAled steroids for stABle Ast
Page 63 and 64: Revised 2009 6 Management of acute
Page 65 and 66: Patients with brittle or difficult
Page 67 and 68: Table 11: Initial assessment - the
Page 69 and 70: In acute asthma without life threat
Page 71 and 72: 6.3.8 ANTIBIOTICS 6.3.9 HELIOx When
Page 73 and 74: 6.6.2 PATIENT EDUCATION Following d
Page 75 and 76: 6.7.2 PULSE OxIMETRy 6.7.3 PEF Accu
Page 77 and 78: Frequent doses up to every 20-30 mi
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6.9.3 Iv MAGNESIUM SULPHATE Intrave
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New 2011 7 special situations 7.1 A
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Gender During adolescence there is
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Complementary and alternative medic
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Table 13: Recommendations for organ
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7.2 diffiCult AsthMA 7.2.1 DEFINING
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Revised 2009 Controlled studies usi
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Continuous fetal monitoring should
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C use steroid tablets as normal whe
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7.9.2 AT-RISK POPULATIONS Several h
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7.9.6 SPECIFIC BRONCHIAL PROvOCATIO
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Asthma clinics in primary care may
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A 8.3 Audit discharge from hospital
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9 Patient education and self manage
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9.2.1 COMPLIANCE WITH MONITORING AN
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Table 15. Summary of the key compon
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8. What role does patient preferenc
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Dr James Paton* Reader and Honorary
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INHALER DEvICES Dr John White (Chai
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11.4 disseMinAtion GrouP Mrs Sheila
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Abbreviations ABG arterial blood ga
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Annex 2 Management of acute severe
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Annex 4 Features of acute severe as
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Annex 6 Consider prednisolone 20 mg
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Annex 8 Management of acute asthma
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Annex 10 PEF (l/min) EU Scale 680 6
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Annex 11 (contd) Annexes 125
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56. Abu-Hasan M, Tannous B, Weinber
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156. Lodrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH,
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256. Malmstrom M, Ahlner J, Carlsso
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352. Brocklebank D, Ram F, Wright J
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456. McDowell KM, Chatburn RL, Myer
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562. McDonald JC, Keynes HL, Meredi
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668. Enright PL, McClelland RL, New
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767. Berger W. Budesonide inhalatio
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862. Pedroletti C, Lundahl J, Alvin
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ISBN 978 1 905813 28 5 British Thor
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