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British Guideline on the MAnAGeMent of AsthMA 70 Emergency units attending to children with acute asthma should have a registered sick children’s nurse available on duty at all times and staff familiar with the specific needs of children. Using a proforma can increase the accuracy of severity assessment. The use of an assessment-driven algorithm and an integrated care pathway has been shown to reduce hospital stay without substantial increases in treatment costs. 801 6.8.1 OxyGEN d the use of structured care protocols detailing bronchodilator usage, clinical assessment, and specific criteria for safe discharge is recommended. ; Children with life threatening asthma or SpO 2
Frequent doses up to every 20-30 minutes (250 mcg/dose mixed with 5 mg of salbutamol solution in the same nebuliser) should be used for the first few hours of admission. Salbutamol dose should be weaned to one-to two-hourly thereafter according to clinical response. The ipratropium dose should be weaned to four-to-six-hourly or discontinued. Once improving on two- to four-hourly salbutamol, patients should be switched to pMDI and spacer treatment as tolerated. ; Repeated doses of ipratropium bromide should be given early to treat children who are poorly responsive to β 2 agonists. 6.8.4 STEROID THERAPy Steroid tablets The early use of steroids in emergency departments and assessment units can reduce the need for hospital admission and prevent a relapse in symptoms after initial presentation. 428, 429 Benefits can be apparent within three to four hours. A Give prednisolone early in the treatment of acute asthma attacks. A soluble preparation dissolved in a spoonful of water is preferable in those unable to swallow tablets. Use a dose of 20 mg for children 2-5 years old and 30-40 mg for children >5 years. Oral and intravenous steroids are of similar efficacy. 430,465,466 Intravenous hydrocortisone (4 mg/ kg repeated four-hourly) should be reserved for severely affected children who are unable to retain oral medication. Larger doses do not appear to offer a therapeutic advantage for the majority of children. 467 There is no need to taper the dose of steroid tablets at the end of treatment. ; Use a dose of 20 mg prednisolone for children aged 2-5 years and a dose of 30-40 mg for children >5 years. Those already receiving maintenance steroid tablets should receive 2 mg/kg prednisolone up to a maximum dose of 60 mg. Inhaled steroids Repeat the dose of prednisolone in children who vomit and consider intravenous steroids in those who are unable to retain orally ingested medication. Treatment for up to three days is usually sufficient, but the length of course should be tailored to the number of days necessary to bring about recovery. Weaning is unnecessary unless the course of steroids exceeds 14 days. 431,432 There is insufficient evidence to support the use of inhaled steroids as alternative or additional treatment to steroid tablets for acute asthma. 433,468-470 ; Do not initiate inhaled steroids in preference to steroid tablets to treat children with acute asthma. Children with chronic asthma not receiving regular preventative treatment will benefit from initiating inhaled steroids as part of their long term management. There is no evidence that increasing the dose of inhaled steroids is effective in treating acute symptoms, but it is good practice for children already receiving inhaled steroids to continue with their usual maintenance doses. 6.8.5 LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 6 MAnAGeMent of ACute AsthMA Initiating oral montelukast in primary care settings, early after the onset of acute asthma symptoms, can result in decreased asthma symptoms and the need for subsequent healthcare attendances in those with mild exacerbations. 777, 802 There is no clear evidence to support the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists for moderate to severe acute asthma. 803 1 + 2 + 1 + 71
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101 British Guideline on the Manage
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British Thoracic Society Scottish I
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Revised 2011 Revised 2011 Revised 2
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1 introduction 1.1 the need for A G
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1.3.1 PATIENT vERSION Patient versi
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Table 1: Clinical features that inc
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Case detection studies have used sy
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2.1.6 CHILDREN WITH AN INTERMEDIATE
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2.3 suMMAry focus the initial asses
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2.4 diAGnosis in Adults The diagnos
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2.4.1 FURTHER INvESTIGATION OF PATI
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Table 6: Differential diagnosis of
Page 25 and 26: 2.5.1 TREATMENT TRIALS AND REvERSIB
Page 27 and 28: A small prospective observational s
Page 29 and 30: Table 8: Summary of tools that can
Page 31 and 32: Measurement Methodology Asthma Cont
Page 33 and 34: Measurement Methodology Eosinophil
Page 35 and 36: 3.1.2 FOOD ALLERGEN AvOIDANCE Sensi
Page 37 and 38: The limited data on antenatal or ea
Page 39 and 40: 3.3.2 AIR POLLUTION Challenge studi
Page 41 and 42: 3.5 CoMPleMentAry And AlternAtive M
Page 43 and 44: Revised 2011 4 Pharmacological mana
Page 45 and 46: Table 8b: Equivalent doses of inhal
Page 47 and 48: 4.2.3 SAFETy OF INHALED STEROIDS Th
Page 49 and 50: 4.3.2 ADD-ON THERAPy Options for ad
Page 51 and 52: 4.4 steP 4: Poor Control on ModerAt
Page 53 and 54: 4 PhArMAColoGiCAl MAnAGeMent Colchi
Page 55 and 56: MOVE UP TO IMPROVE CONTROL AS NEEDE
Page 57 and 58: 4.6 stePPinG doWn Stepping down the
Page 59 and 60: 4.7.5 ASPIRIN-INTOLERANT ASTHMA The
Page 61 and 62: 5.3 inhAled steroids for stABle Ast
Page 63 and 64: Revised 2009 6 Management of acute
Page 65 and 66: Patients with brittle or difficult
Page 67 and 68: Table 11: Initial assessment - the
Page 69 and 70: In acute asthma without life threat
Page 71 and 72: 6.3.8 ANTIBIOTICS 6.3.9 HELIOx When
Page 73 and 74: 6.6.2 PATIENT EDUCATION Following d
Page 75: 6.7.2 PULSE OxIMETRy 6.7.3 PEF Accu
Page 79 and 80: 6.9.3 Iv MAGNESIUM SULPHATE Intrave
Page 81 and 82: New 2011 7 special situations 7.1 A
Page 83 and 84: Gender During adolescence there is
Page 85 and 86: Complementary and alternative medic
Page 87 and 88: Table 13: Recommendations for organ
Page 89 and 90: 7.2 diffiCult AsthMA 7.2.1 DEFINING
Page 91 and 92: Revised 2009 Controlled studies usi
Page 93 and 94: Continuous fetal monitoring should
Page 95 and 96: C use steroid tablets as normal whe
Page 97 and 98: 7.9.2 AT-RISK POPULATIONS Several h
Page 99 and 100: 7.9.6 SPECIFIC BRONCHIAL PROvOCATIO
Page 101 and 102: Asthma clinics in primary care may
Page 103 and 104: A 8.3 Audit discharge from hospital
Page 105 and 106: 9 Patient education and self manage
Page 107 and 108: 9.2.1 COMPLIANCE WITH MONITORING AN
Page 109 and 110: Table 15. Summary of the key compon
Page 111 and 112: 8. What role does patient preferenc
Page 113 and 114: Dr James Paton* Reader and Honorary
Page 115 and 116: INHALER DEvICES Dr John White (Chai
Page 117 and 118: 11.4 disseMinAtion GrouP Mrs Sheila
Page 119 and 120: Abbreviations ABG arterial blood ga
Page 121 and 122: Annex 2 Management of acute severe
Page 123 and 124: Annex 4 Features of acute severe as
Page 125 and 126: Annex 6 Consider prednisolone 20 mg
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Annex 8 Management of acute asthma
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Annex 10 PEF (l/min) EU Scale 680 6
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Annex 11 (contd) Annexes 125
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56. Abu-Hasan M, Tannous B, Weinber
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156. Lodrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH,
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256. Malmstrom M, Ahlner J, Carlsso
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352. Brocklebank D, Ram F, Wright J
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456. McDowell KM, Chatburn RL, Myer
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562. McDonald JC, Keynes HL, Meredi
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668. Enright PL, McClelland RL, New
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767. Berger W. Budesonide inhalatio
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862. Pedroletti C, Lundahl J, Alvin
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ISBN 978 1 905813 28 5 British Thor
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