<str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>West</str<strong>on</strong>g>: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Annual</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>State</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Dialogue</strong> Internati<strong>on</strong>al Politics 41
Citizenship <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Inte 4Citizenship <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Integrati<strong>on</strong> Over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past several years, citizenship Asia. Some have made great ec<strong>on</strong>omic strides <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> integrati<strong>on</strong> issues have become <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> enjoy social <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> political rights, while many more prominent in Europe, North o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs remain mired in poverty <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> margins America, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Middle East, Africa <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Asia. <strong>of</strong> European society. The growth <strong>of</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Muslim C<strong>on</strong>troversies about democracy <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> minority minority in <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>of</strong> itself does not explain <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>West</str<strong>on</strong>g>: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Annual</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>State</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Dialogue</strong> 42 Citizenship <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Integrati<strong>on</strong> rights are increasingly comm<strong>on</strong> in multicultural societies. Here, in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> domestic nati<strong>on</strong>al c<strong>on</strong>text, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> terms “<str<strong>on</strong>g>West</str<strong>on</strong>g>” <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> “<str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g>” must be applied most carefully. <str<strong>on</strong>g>West</str<strong>on</strong>g>ern countries encompass secular instituti<strong>on</strong>s, Christian majorities (many with a secular outlook), <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> citizens <strong>of</strong> many o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r faith traditi<strong>on</strong>s, including Judaism <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g>. In both <str<strong>on</strong>g>West</str<strong>on</strong>g>ern <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Muslim majority countries, <str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g> is a cultural as well as a religious identity. It can be a force in civil society, an element <strong>of</strong> nati<strong>on</strong>al identity or, as in Iran <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Saudi Arabia, afoundati<strong>on</strong>forpoliticalinstituti<strong>on</strong>s.Muslim majority societies are home to n<strong>on</strong>-Muslim minorities who may or may not identify with <str<strong>on</strong>g>West</str<strong>on</strong>g>ern countries. These overlapping meanings <strong>of</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>West</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g> create a complex picture. The European Scene It would be a mistake to downplay <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept <strong>of</strong> Muslim-<str<strong>on</strong>g>West</str<strong>on</strong>g> dialogue in light <strong>of</strong> this complexity. It matters in nati<strong>on</strong>al c<strong>on</strong>texts because in <str<strong>on</strong>g>West</str<strong>on</strong>g>ern countries in particular, <str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g> is an important emerging political issue. This is most clear in Europe where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tinent’s Muslim populati<strong>on</strong> has been growing steadily. For example, in Germany <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> UK Muslims comprise about 3% <strong>of</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong>. In France <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> figure is about 9%. Europe’s Muslims are a diverse group, comprised mainly <strong>of</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> children <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> gr<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>children <strong>of</strong> immigrants from Turkey, North Africa <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> South rise <strong>of</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g>-related issues <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> political agenda. This is due more to popular anxieties about <str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> perceived threat it poses to nati<strong>on</strong>al identity <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> security. The bombings in Madrid in 2004 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> in 2005 heightened fears <strong>of</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g>ic extremists, while <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> headscarf c<strong>on</strong>troversy in France in 2004-2005 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> carto<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>troversy <strong>of</strong> 2005-2006, pointed to cultural differences. The vast majority <strong>of</strong> European Muslims reject violence against civilians <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> are more c<strong>on</strong>cerned with ec<strong>on</strong>omic opportunities <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> social services than with religious symbolism. Never<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>less, Muslim minorities in <str<strong>on</strong>g>West</str<strong>on</strong>g> Europe have <strong>of</strong>ten emerged as an “o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r” in anti-immigrant domestic politics. Public opini<strong>on</strong> trends bear this out. In May 2006, aMotivacti<strong>on</strong>/GPDPollfoundthat63%<strong>of</strong> Dutch citizens viewed <str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g> as incompatible with modern European life. A Transatlantic Trends <str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> that same year, posing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> questi<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Islam</str<strong>on</strong>g>’s compatibility with democracy, found comparable negative results in Germany (67%), Italy (62%) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spain (62%). When <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Gallup Organizati<strong>on</strong> asked residents <strong>of</strong> Germany, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> United Kingdom <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> France in 2006-2007 whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y c<strong>on</strong>sider Muslims living in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir countries to be loyal to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country, <strong>on</strong>ly between 35% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 45% resp<strong>on</strong>ded affirmatively. These anxieties about Muslims’ commitments to democracy <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> nati<strong>on</strong>al identity c<strong>on</strong>trast with
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