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2. Seed-treated control—seed priming (soaking of seed in water for 8 h overnightprior to sowing), inoculation with Rhizobium.3. Full nutrient control (All)—treatment 2 with the following elements addedto the soil (kg ha –1 ): 1.0 B + 0.5 Mo + 5 Zn + 20 S. Reagent-grade salts wereused.4. Treatment 2 with Mo + Zn + S; i.e., All – B.5. Treatment 2 with B + Zn + S; i.e., All – Mo.6. Treatment 2 with B + Mo + S; i.e., All – Zn.7. Treatment 2 with B + Mo + Zn; i.e., All – S.The experiment was implemented in a farmer’s field at Chabbishnagar village,Godagari upazilla, Rajshahi District. A complete randomized block design was usedwith four replications. Plot size was 1.8 2.0 m, with 6 rows, 2 m long, of chickpeavariety BARI chola 5 sown 30 cm apart. The land was plowed and leveled on 16November 2001 and test fertilizers were added and seeds sown on 17 November2001. Phosphorus, as triple superphosphate (TSP), was also added at 20 kg P ha –1 .Spray irrigation through a hose was applied to ensure even germination. After establishment,the crop was grown rainfed, with only 16 mm of rainfall falling on thecrop during January-Febuary 2002. Plots were thinned to give a within-row spacingequivalent to 10 cm at 20–30 days after sowing. No weeding was necessary. Spraysof Helicoverpa nuclear polyhedrosis virus were given to the crop on 5 and 23 January2002 to control pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) (Musa and Johansen 2003b),and pod damage was negligible. The central two rows of each plot were harvested atmaturity on 22 March 2002.Multilocation Mo experiments, HBT 2002-03It had previously been established that responses of chickpea to Rhizobium inoculationin the HBT were inconsistent, even though plants commonly showed symptoms ofN deficiency. It was therefore necessary to determine how widespread Mo deficiencywas across the HBT, and if a Rhizobium response could be found in the presence ofMo. Trials were implemented using a randomized block design in farmers’ fieldswith five dispersed replications each at three locations with acid surface soils: (a)Porsha upazilla, Naogaon District (northern HBT); (b) Gomostapur upazila, ChapaiNawabganj District (central HBT); and (c) Amnura, Nawabganj Sadar upazila, ChapaiNawabganj District (central-southern HBT). Treatments were applied as follows:1. Control—recommended agronomic practices for chickpea (Musa and Johansen2003a), including seed priming, 20 kg P ha –1 as TSP, hand broadcasting,cross-ways plowing, rainfed, IPM for pod borer, etc.2. As for control but Mo added to the soil, mixed with river sand, as sodiummolybdate at the rate of 500 g Mo ha –1 .3. As for control but with Mo added and Rhizobium inoculation with inoculumfrom the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), including limepelleting after coating seed with sticker and inoculum.Farmer-friendly technologies to improve chickpea production in the High Barind Tract 125
Unit plot size was 10 10 m and the three treatment plots of a replication wereplaced near each other in the same field. Chickpea variety BARI chola 5 was sownat Porsha on 25 November 2002, at Gomostapur on 26 November, and at Amnuraon 27 November. Nodulation was scored according to a visual ranking scale, on 8February at Amnura and on 9 February at Porsha and Gomostapur. Five plants perplot were dug up and ranked. Plots were harvested as follows: Porsha—5 April 2003;Gomostapur—3 April 2003; Amnura—6 April 2003. At harvest, 5 1-m 2 quadratswere cut from each plot and plant number, and grain and residue yields, estimatedafter air drying.Mo × priming experiments, HBT 2003-04Although there were clear responses to Mo applied to the soil in the 2002-03 season(see below), this is not practical for farmers because compound fertilizers containingMo are not available in Bangladesh and because it is difficult to apply evenly thesmall rates of Mo salts required to the soil. Earlier pot trials (Harris et al 2005) hadshown that chickpea seeds could be effectively inoculated with Rhizobium by addingthe culture to the priming solution. To determine whether seed priming with Mo andRhizobium could be effective and practical in the field, on-farm trials with the followingtreatments were established at three locations in the HBT in the 2003-04 season:1. Control—recommended agronomic practices for the HBT (Musa and Johansen2003a), that is, seed priming, 20 kg P ha –1 as TSP, hand broadcasting,cross-ways plowing, rainfed, IPM for pod borer, etc.2. As for control but Mo added as sodium molybdate at the rate of 500 g Moha –1 , mixed with river sand and spread on the soil surface prior to plowing.3. As for control but Mo at 0.5 g sodium molybdate L –1 added to the water usedto prime seeds for 8 hours before sowing.4. As for control but with both Mo and Rhizobium (BINA inoculum) added inthe priming solution (Rhizobium inoculum at 4 g L –1 priming solution).The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design in farmers’ fields withfive dispersed replications each at three locations (Porsha, Gomostapur, and Tanor)with acid surface soils. Unit plot size was 7.07 7.07 m (50 m 2 ). The four treatmentplots of a replication were placed next to each other in the same field. Chickpea varietyBARI chola 5 was sown at Porsha on 30 November 2002, at Gomostapur on 29November, and at Tanor on 1 December. The crops were grown rainfed following thepractices recommended by Musa and Johansen (2003a). Nodulation was estimated(see above) on 5 February 2004 at all locations and plots were harvested at Porshaand Gomostapur on 29 March and at Tanor on 28 March.Farmer assessment of adding Mo and Rhizobiumthrough priming, 2004-05On-farm evaluation of Mo response conducted in the previous seasons had beenresearcher managed. To determine whether farmers themselves could implement theprocedure of seed priming with Mo and Rhizobium, 10 volunteer farmers were selected126 Harris et al
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Improving AgriculturalProductivity
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Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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The High Barind Tract: a challengin
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irrigation across the entire Barind
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Workshop synthesis
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and, with representatives from the
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Subsistence pressureLand pressure,
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HerbicidesEarlier efforts to introd
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volume). PVS is an effective way to
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Farmers may use wet-seeded DSR as a
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process and distributing HNPV to fa
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an NGO, have successfully collabora
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Workshop discussionParticipants dis
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How can we identify a short-duratio
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to fixed tenancy. The implication i
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Opportunities for improving ricepro
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that the reliability and productivi
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Table 1. Planting dates, direct-see
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Table 2. (A) Mean effect of fertili
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Table 5. On-farm trials of a drum s
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Upper toposequenceYield (t ha -1 )7
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and perennial grasses (e.g., Ischae
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Direct-seeded rice in the HighBarin
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Table 1. Sample selection for costs
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Table 4. Variations in weed managem
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Table 7. Labor requirements (days h
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Table 10. Farmer perceptions of dis
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Farmers (no.)1412108DSRWet-seededDr
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able commercially. Other OFT farmer
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Box 1. Farmers’ comments on DSRPo
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: M.A. Jab
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This paper explores the role of som
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(Olsen method, atomic absorption),
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Mean biomass (g m −2 )1,000.000Fi
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 3. Log rank abundance of weed
Page 86 and 87: attested by Fig. 2). Diversity in t
Page 88 and 89: Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
Page 90 and 91: Table 1. Grain yield and crop durat
Page 92 and 93: Table 5. Grain yield and growth dur
Page 94 and 95: ACEy = 0.0001x + 0.7089Yield (t ha
Page 96 and 97: Table 11. Partial budget analysis f
Page 98: ConclusionsDirect wet-seeded rice u
Page 101 and 102: A 178% increase in rice production
Page 103 and 104: Table 1. Components of yield gaps d
Page 105 and 106: Table 3. Weed management in Comilla
Page 107 and 108: Table 5. Weed management practices
Page 109 and 110: Table 7. Significance (P H o ) of t
Page 111 and 112: Since 2000, there has been an incre
Page 114 and 115: Identifying varieties for the High
Page 116 and 117: Table 1. Rice varieties bred by cli
Page 118 and 119: Table 2. Grain yield advantage of J
Page 120 and 121: Table 3. Plant height and crop dura
Page 122 and 123: Table 6. Summary of adoption and sp
Page 124 and 125: Freeman GH, Perkins J.M. 1971. Envi
Page 126: Opportunities for improving rabi cr
Page 129 and 130: Grain yield (t ha -1 )2.0npp1.5LSD
Page 131 and 132: In each of the plots, numbers of He
Page 133: Table 2. Effect of IPM components o
Page 137 and 138: Yield (t ha -1 )5Straw4321GrainP (g
Page 139 and 140: Nodulation score3AControl Soil Mo P
Page 141 and 142: even at low levels of production. B
Page 144 and 145: Integration of chickpea and other r
Page 146 and 147: Grain yield (t ha -1 )3.02.51989-99
Page 148 and 149: Improved Improved Rainfed rainfed C
Page 150 and 151: Table 1. Preharvest and postharvest
Page 152 and 153: Greater resistance to Helicoverpa p
Page 154 and 155: wheat varieties). There is also sco
Page 156 and 157: Developing seed systems fordissemin
Page 158 and 159: This paper describes attempts to em
Page 160 and 161: seed needed to attain the recommend
Page 162 and 163: introduced to permit sale beyond th
Page 164: pesticides, inoculation with benefi
Page 168 and 169: for the rabi crop in 2001. Hence, b
Page 170: where farmers decided not to relay-
Page 174 and 175: Table 2. Mean dates of T. aman harv
Page 176 and 177: Table 4. Subsistence pressure and r
Page 178 and 179: Table 7. Subsistence pressure and r
Page 180 and 181: cite the absence of rent as a facto
Page 182 and 183: abi cropping in the HBT through ear
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Formulation and dissemination ofimp
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in India, for which shorter-duratio
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Applied researchOFTsAdaptive resear
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Table 1. Recommended package of pra
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Table 2. Grain yields (kg ha -1 ) o
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Table 4. Grain yields (t ha -1 ) of
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Table 6. Mean grain yields (t ha -1
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constraints present. This in itself
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Extending rabi cropping in rice fal
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Table 1. Estimates of rice area dur
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Yield (kg ha -1 )1,2001,00080060040
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Future disseminationThrough dialogu
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Direct seeding of rice andopportuni
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Table 1. Time of establishment and
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Table 3. Weed density and biomass a
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than in Central Java and many farme
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Proportion abundance (log scale)Ran
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CAN FIELD BE DRAINED?YesCAN FIELD B
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Johnson DE, Mortimer AM. 2005. Issu
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Zhao DL, Atlin GN, Bastiaans L, Spi
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