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CAN FIELD BE DRAINED?YesCAN FIELD BE DRY-CULTIVATED?IS Cynodon dactylon or Cyperus rotundus ABSENT?NoTRANSPLANTCROP ESTABLISHMENTYesNoDRY SEEDINGinto a seedbedWET SEEDINGsowing onto puddled saturated soilARE SOIL CONDITIONS SUITABLE FORLINE SEEDING BY MACHINERY?IS THERE ANEED FOR INTERROW CULTIVATIONOR SUBSTANTIAL HAND WEEDING?NoYesNoYesBROADCASTDRILL SEEDBROADCASTDRUM SEEDWEED MANAGEMENTARE ANNUAL GRASSES ABSENT?IS GOOD WATER MANAGEMENT POSSIBLE?YesAPPLY HERBICIDE+ LIMITED MANUAL WEEDINGNoAPPLY HERBICIDE+ MANUAL WEEDING ORINTERROW CULTIVATIONFig. 3. Illustrative decision-tree for adoption of direct seeding with respect to favorablerainfed lowland rice (Johnson and Mortimer 2005).of assisting farmers in their decision making. The studies in India on direct seedinghave shown that E. colona, C. rotundus, and Commelina diffusa are discouraged bywet seeding, while this has the opposite effect on Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloachinensis, and Fimbristylis miliacea (Singh et al 2005). Further gains in the developmentof such knowledge, which predicts undesirable shifts in weed populations, willhelp develop and refine the means to help farmers prevent these from occurring.As production systems evolve, farmers will need considerable support to enablethem to exploit the potential of many of the various options. This is particularly trueof herbicide use, with which farmers may have little experience and poor access toinformation. Farmers will need substantial information and continuing guidance toenable them to use products safely and effectively. In many locations, this is likelyto be achieved only with substantial effort and partnership among the official, commercial,and informal sectors in rural areas.Direct seeding of rice and opportunities for improving productivity in Asia 211
ReferencesAtlin GN, Lafitte HR, Tao D, Laza M, Amante M, Courtois B. 2006. Developing rice cultivarsfor high-fertility upland systems in the Asian tropics. Field Crops Res. 97:43-52.Azmi M, Baki BB. 2003. Weed species diversity and management practices in the SekinchanFarm Block, Selangor’s South West Project—a highly productive rice area in Malaysia.In: Proceedings 1, 19th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, 17-21 March2003, Philippines. p 174-184.Azmi M, Chin DV, Vongsaroj P, Johnson DE. 2005. Emerging issues in weed management ofdirect-seeded rice in Malaysia, Vietnam, and Thailand. In: Rice is life: scientific perspectivesfor the 21st century. Proceedings of the World Rice Research Conference held inTokyo and Tsukuba, Japan, 4-7 November 2004. Los Baños (Philippines): InternationalRice Research Institute, and Tsukuba (Japan): Japan International Research Center forAgricultural Sciences. CD. p 196-198.Bouman BAM, Tuong TP. 2003. Growing rice with less water. Issues of water management inagriculture: compilation of essays. Comprehensive Assessment Secretariat. Colombo(Sri Lanka): IMWI. p 49-54.Cabangon RJ, Tuong TP, Tiak EB, bin Abdullah N. 2002. Increasing water productivity in ricecultivation: impact of the large-scale adoption of direct seeding in the Muda irrigationsystem. In: Pandey S, Mortimer M, Wade L, Tuong TP, Lopez K, Hardy B, editors. Directseeding: research strategies and opportunities. Proceedings of the International Workshopon Direct Seeding in Asian Rice Systems: Strategic Research Issues and Opportunities,25-28 January 2000, Bangkok, Thailand. Los Baños (Philippines): International RiceResearch Institute. p 299-314.Castillo EG, Tuong TP, Cabangon RC, Boling A, Singh U. 1998. Effects of crop establishmentand controlled-release fertilizer on drought stress responses of a lowland rice cultivar.In: Ladha JK, Wade LJ, Dobermann A, Reichardt W, Kirk GJD, Piggin C, editors.Rainfed lowland rice: advances in nutrient management research. Proceedings of theInternational Workshop on Nutrient Research in Rainfed Lowlands, 12-15 Oct. 1998,Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice ResearchInstitute. p 201-216.Fukai S, Sittisuang P, Chanphengsay M. 1998. Increasing production of rainfed lowland ricein drought prone environments. Plant Prod. Sci. 1:75-82.Fujisaka S, Moody K, Ingram KT. 1993. A descriptive study of farming practices for dryseeded rainfed lowland rice in India, Indonesia and Myanmar. Agric. Environ. Ecosyst.45:115-128.Ho NK. 1998. The rice agroecosystem of the Muda Irrigation Scheme: an overview. In: NashriyahBM, Ho NK, Ismail BS, Ahyaudin BA, Lum K, editors. Rice agroecosystem of the MudaIrrigation Scheme, Malaysia. Malaysian Instuitute for Nuclear Technology Development(MINT), Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. p 3-24.Ingram KT, Bueno FD, Namuco OS, Yambao EB, Beyrouty CA. 1994. Rice root traits fordrought resistance and their genetic variation. In: Kirk GJD, editor. Rice roots: nutrientand water use. Selected papers from the International Rice Research Conference. LosBaños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute.IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 2004. World rice statistics. Manila (Philippines):IRRI. www.irri.org/science/ricestat.212 Johnson et al
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Improving AgriculturalProductivity
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Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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The High Barind Tract: a challengin
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irrigation across the entire Barind
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Workshop synthesis
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and, with representatives from the
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Subsistence pressureLand pressure,
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HerbicidesEarlier efforts to introd
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volume). PVS is an effective way to
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Farmers may use wet-seeded DSR as a
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process and distributing HNPV to fa
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an NGO, have successfully collabora
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Workshop discussionParticipants dis
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How can we identify a short-duratio
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to fixed tenancy. The implication i
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Opportunities for improving ricepro
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that the reliability and productivi
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Table 1. Planting dates, direct-see
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Table 2. (A) Mean effect of fertili
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Table 5. On-farm trials of a drum s
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Upper toposequenceYield (t ha -1 )7
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and perennial grasses (e.g., Ischae
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Direct-seeded rice in the HighBarin
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Table 1. Sample selection for costs
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Table 4. Variations in weed managem
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Table 7. Labor requirements (days h
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Table 10. Farmer perceptions of dis
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Farmers (no.)1412108DSRWet-seededDr
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able commercially. Other OFT farmer
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Box 1. Farmers’ comments on DSRPo
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: M.A. Jab
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This paper explores the role of som
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(Olsen method, atomic absorption),
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Mean biomass (g m −2 )1,000.000Fi
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Fig. 3. Log rank abundance of weed
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attested by Fig. 2). Diversity in t
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Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
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Table 1. Grain yield and crop durat
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Table 5. Grain yield and growth dur
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ACEy = 0.0001x + 0.7089Yield (t ha
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Table 11. Partial budget analysis f
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ConclusionsDirect wet-seeded rice u
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A 178% increase in rice production
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Table 1. Components of yield gaps d
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Table 3. Weed management in Comilla
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Table 5. Weed management practices
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Table 7. Significance (P H o ) of t
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Since 2000, there has been an incre
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Identifying varieties for the High
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Table 1. Rice varieties bred by cli
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Table 2. Grain yield advantage of J
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Table 3. Plant height and crop dura
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Table 6. Summary of adoption and sp
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Freeman GH, Perkins J.M. 1971. Envi
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Opportunities for improving rabi cr
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )2.0npp1.5LSD
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In each of the plots, numbers of He
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Table 2. Effect of IPM components o
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Unit plot size was 10 10 m and the
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Yield (t ha -1 )5Straw4321GrainP (g
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Nodulation score3AControl Soil Mo P
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even at low levels of production. B
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Integration of chickpea and other r
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3.02.51989-99
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Improved Improved Rainfed rainfed C
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Table 1. Preharvest and postharvest
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Greater resistance to Helicoverpa p
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wheat varieties). There is also sco
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Developing seed systems fordissemin
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This paper describes attempts to em
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seed needed to attain the recommend
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introduced to permit sale beyond th
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pesticides, inoculation with benefi
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for the rabi crop in 2001. Hence, b
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Page 174 and 175: Table 2. Mean dates of T. aman harv
Page 176 and 177: Table 4. Subsistence pressure and r
Page 178 and 179: Table 7. Subsistence pressure and r
Page 180 and 181: cite the absence of rent as a facto
Page 182 and 183: abi cropping in the HBT through ear
Page 184 and 185: Formulation and dissemination ofimp
Page 186 and 187: in India, for which shorter-duratio
Page 188 and 189: Applied researchOFTsAdaptive resear
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Recommended package of pra
Page 192 and 193: Table 2. Grain yields (kg ha -1 ) o
Page 194 and 195: Table 4. Grain yields (t ha -1 ) of
Page 196 and 197: Table 6. Mean grain yields (t ha -1
Page 198: constraints present. This in itself
Page 202 and 203: Extending rabi cropping in rice fal
Page 204 and 205: Table 1. Estimates of rice area dur
Page 206 and 207: Yield (kg ha -1 )1,2001,00080060040
Page 208 and 209: Future disseminationThrough dialogu
Page 210 and 211: Direct seeding of rice andopportuni
Page 212 and 213: Table 1. Time of establishment and
Page 214 and 215: Table 3. Weed density and biomass a
Page 216 and 217: than in Central Java and many farme
Page 218 and 219: Proportion abundance (log scale)Ran
Page 222 and 223: Johnson DE, Mortimer AM. 2005. Issu
Page 224: Zhao DL, Atlin GN, Bastiaans L, Spi
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