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Table 3. Socioeconomic profile of sample OFT farmers, farmer evaluation (2005).VariableYear of first participation2001 2002 2003 2004 2005All farmersOFT 1 3 3 9 4 20Dry-seeded a 1 3 1 7 3 24Wet-seeded a 0 1 0 2 1 10EducationNone 0 2 2 3 1 8Primary 1 0 1 6 2 10Secondary 0 1 0 0 1 2Households self-sufficient in rice (no.)Yes 0 1 2 9 4 16No 1 2 1 0 0 4Household food security 10 10 12 12 12 12(months per year)Area cultivated in aman 0.47 1.03 2.04 3.97 1.6 2.54season (ha)TenureOwner-operator 0 0 1 4 0 5Owner-tenant 1 0 1 4 2 8Pure-tenant 0 3 1 1 2 71a Some farmers used both methods.Source: Farmer evaluation, 2005.was 1 full week (6.7 days). This reflected the availability of labor. Large farms had asignificantly smaller stock of family labor available for weeding and half their plotswere weeded using purely hired labor. A higher proportion of large farms also reporteda shortage of hired labor for weeding.The time of first weeding in Rajshahi (28 DAT) was much later than in Comilla(15 DAT) (Orr and Jabbar 2002). The normal practice in Rajshahi was to weed onlyonce. Discussions with farmers revealed that late first weeding reflected a trade-offbetween the cost of weeding and the revenue forgone from lower rice yields (Orr etal 2004). Farmers who weeded later got lower yields but because weeds were taller(making them easier to pull and removing the roots, thus reducing regrowth), theyweeded only once. Farmers who weeded earlier got higher yields, but had to weedtwice. Hence, later first weeding in Rajshahi reflected the relatively high cost ofmanual weeding.Weeding in Rajshahi was often done by women as well as men. Wages for thefirst weeding were similar to those for transplanting and averaged roughly 70 Tk day –1for men and 50 Tk day –1 for women. Wage differentials reflected differences in theDirect-seeded rice in the High Barind Tract: economics and farmer evaluation 51
Table 4. Variations in weed management by farm size, Rajshahi District, T. aman season,2000.VariableFarm sizeTercile 1 Tercile 2 Tercile 3 All farms Sig. level(n = 40) (n = 40) (n = 39) (n = 119) P >Area planted to T. aman (ha) 0.45 0.94 2.11 1.28 0.000Mean no. of plowings per plot a 4.26 4.78 4.79 4.65 0.005Mean no. of ladderings per plot a 2.33 2.87 3.40 2.94 0.000Mean date of first weeding (DAT) a 25.21 27.23 31.92 28.58 0.000Mean date of second weeding (DAT) ab 43.59 46.18 48.28 46.16 0.012Adults per household (no.) 3.58 4.33 4.77 4.22 0.038Area of T. aman per adult (ha) 0.13 0.22 0.44 0.30 0.000Labor use for weeding (no. of plots) aOwn 19 19 8 46 0.007Hired 17 33 49 99Both 24 33 39 96Labor available for weeding on time (no. of plots) aYes 42 62 55 159 0.026No, no cash 11 9 18 38No, no labor 5 12 23 40Source: Aman survey (2000) (Orr and Jabbar 2002).length of the working day, with women starting work later because they first had tocook and feed their families.ProfitabilityTable 5 compares unit costs of production under four methods of crop establishment.Costs were highest (Tk 24,941 ha –1 ) for transplanted rice without herbicide comparedwith TPR with herbicide, DSR with a lithao, and wet-seeded rice with a drum seeder(DWSR). The costs of land preparation, harvesting, and postharvest operations weresimilar for all four methods, as were the costs of chemical fertilizer and manure. Thecost of insecticide was highest for TPR without herbicide, reflecting a tendency ofoverapplication. The main contrast in operating costs was in seed, crop establishment,and weeding. The cost of these items with DSR was significantly lower than with TPR.Overall, costs with DWSR were 64% lower than with TPR without herbicide.Yields with all four methods were almost identical (Table 6). Results from OFTsin 2005 also showed no statistical difference in yields between DSR with a lithaoand DWSR (Mazid et al, this volume). Despite identical yields, however, DWSRgave a higher net return than DSR with a lithao because of lower production costs.Consequently, the benefit-cost ratio was highest for DWSR. Farmers using DWSRobtained a 5% higher net return than those using TPR.52 Jabbar et al
Page 2:
Improving AgriculturalProductivity
Page 5:
Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
Page 8: AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
Page 12 and 13: The High Barind Tract: a challengin
Page 14 and 15: irrigation across the entire Barind
Page 16: Workshop synthesis
Page 19 and 20: and, with representatives from the
Page 21 and 22: Subsistence pressureLand pressure,
Page 23 and 24: HerbicidesEarlier efforts to introd
Page 25 and 26: volume). PVS is an effective way to
Page 27 and 28: Farmers may use wet-seeded DSR as a
Page 29 and 30: process and distributing HNPV to fa
Page 31 and 32: an NGO, have successfully collabora
Page 34 and 35: Workshop discussionParticipants dis
Page 36 and 37: How can we identify a short-duratio
Page 38 and 39: to fixed tenancy. The implication i
Page 40: Opportunities for improving ricepro
Page 43 and 44: that the reliability and productivi
Page 45 and 46: Table 1. Planting dates, direct-see
Page 47 and 48: Table 2. (A) Mean effect of fertili
Page 49 and 50: Table 5. On-farm trials of a drum s
Page 51 and 52: Upper toposequenceYield (t ha -1 )7
Page 53 and 54: and perennial grasses (e.g., Ischae
Page 56 and 57: Direct-seeded rice in the HighBarin
Page 58: Table 1. Sample selection for costs
Page 63 and 64: Table 7. Labor requirements (days h
Page 65 and 66: Table 10. Farmer perceptions of dis
Page 67 and 68: Farmers (no.)1412108DSRWet-seededDr
Page 69 and 70: able commercially. Other OFT farmer
Page 71: Box 1. Farmers’ comments on DSRPo
Page 74: NotesAuthors’ addresses: M.A. Jab
Page 78 and 79: This paper explores the role of som
Page 80 and 81: (Olsen method, atomic absorption),
Page 82 and 83: Mean biomass (g m −2 )1,000.000Fi
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 3. Log rank abundance of weed
Page 86 and 87: attested by Fig. 2). Diversity in t
Page 88 and 89: Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
Page 90 and 91: Table 1. Grain yield and crop durat
Page 92 and 93: Table 5. Grain yield and growth dur
Page 94 and 95: ACEy = 0.0001x + 0.7089Yield (t ha
Page 96 and 97: Table 11. Partial budget analysis f
Page 98: ConclusionsDirect wet-seeded rice u
Page 101 and 102: A 178% increase in rice production
Page 103 and 104: Table 1. Components of yield gaps d
Page 105 and 106: Table 3. Weed management in Comilla
Page 107 and 108: Table 5. Weed management practices
Page 109 and 110:
Table 7. Significance (P H o ) of t
Page 111 and 112:
Since 2000, there has been an incre
Page 114 and 115:
Identifying varieties for the High
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Table 1. Rice varieties bred by cli
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Table 2. Grain yield advantage of J
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Table 3. Plant height and crop dura
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Table 6. Summary of adoption and sp
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Freeman GH, Perkins J.M. 1971. Envi
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Opportunities for improving rabi cr
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )2.0npp1.5LSD
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In each of the plots, numbers of He
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Table 2. Effect of IPM components o
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Unit plot size was 10 10 m and the
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Yield (t ha -1 )5Straw4321GrainP (g
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Nodulation score3AControl Soil Mo P
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even at low levels of production. B
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Integration of chickpea and other r
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3.02.51989-99
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Improved Improved Rainfed rainfed C
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Table 1. Preharvest and postharvest
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Greater resistance to Helicoverpa p
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wheat varieties). There is also sco
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Developing seed systems fordissemin
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This paper describes attempts to em
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seed needed to attain the recommend
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introduced to permit sale beyond th
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pesticides, inoculation with benefi
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for the rabi crop in 2001. Hence, b
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where farmers decided not to relay-
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Table 2. Mean dates of T. aman harv
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Table 4. Subsistence pressure and r
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Table 7. Subsistence pressure and r
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cite the absence of rent as a facto
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abi cropping in the HBT through ear
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Formulation and dissemination ofimp
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in India, for which shorter-duratio
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Applied researchOFTsAdaptive resear
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Table 1. Recommended package of pra
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Table 2. Grain yields (kg ha -1 ) o
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Table 4. Grain yields (t ha -1 ) of
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Table 6. Mean grain yields (t ha -1
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constraints present. This in itself
Page 202 and 203:
Extending rabi cropping in rice fal
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Table 1. Estimates of rice area dur
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Yield (kg ha -1 )1,2001,00080060040
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Future disseminationThrough dialogu
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Direct seeding of rice andopportuni
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Table 1. Time of establishment and
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Table 3. Weed density and biomass a
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than in Central Java and many farme
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Proportion abundance (log scale)Ran
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CAN FIELD BE DRAINED?YesCAN FIELD B
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Johnson DE, Mortimer AM. 2005. Issu
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Zhao DL, Atlin GN, Bastiaans L, Spi
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