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Future disseminationThrough dialogue and experimentation with farmers, a consensus has evolved: Thousands of farmers (>10,000) who have been exposed to this technologyare now convinced that a second crop, for example, chickpea (other rabicrops such as lentil, lintel, mustard, wheat, etc., need to be tested) after rice,can be grown without irrigation. An effective approach to dissemination has emerged. For new villages, thisincludes– Identification of interested and committed farmers and the formation ofgrowers’ groups. The groups must agree to plant in a block to facilitatecrop protection.– Provision of training on crop production technology (as given above)to group representatives and village-level extension staff.– Provision of 200–300 kg of seed of short-duration chickpea varieties.Currently, only ICCV 2, KAK 2, and JGK 1 are available, but additionalvarieties are being developed using farmer participatory breeding approaches.– Provision of “starter packs” (enough Rhizobium inoculum, sodiummolybdate, and single superphosphate for 200–300 kg of seeds, i.e.,about 2–3 ha). Assembly and distribution of packs of Rhizobium andsodium molybdate represent an opportunity for small-scale businessdevelopment in resource-poor communities.– Technical backstopping where necessary.ConclusionsRainfed rabi cropping in rice fallow areas increases income and improves food securityand human nutrition. In many instances, it also improves social organization,agricultural skills, general empowerment, and commitment to the land. According toSingh (2002), “Rainfed areas have the highest concentration of poor and malnourishedpeople as these areas are characterized by low agricultural productivity, highnatural resource degradation, limited access to infrastructure and markets, and othersocioeconomic constraints…. There is evidence to suggest that investment in lessfavoredareas can yield relatively high rates of economic returns and significantlyreduce poverty and environmental and natural resource degradation.” We believe thatinvestment in promoting rainfed rabi cropping in these five states of India is a soundand productive avenue for poverty reduction and rural development and should bepursued more widely.ReferencesCSD (United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development). 2000. Ecological and socioeconomicfoundations for defining best practices for sustainable agriculture and ruraldevelopment (SARD). Agriculture Dialogue Paper 3, 1/26/00.Extending rabi cropping in rice fallows of eastern India 199
Harris D, Joshi A, Khan PA, Gothkar P, Sodhi PS. 1999. On-farm seed priming in semi-aridagriculture: development and evaluation in maize, rice and chickpea in India usingparticipatory methods. Exp. Agric. 35:15-29.Harris D, Tripathi RS, Joshi A. 2000. On-farm seed priming to improve crop establishment andyield in dry direct-seeded rice. In: Pandey S, Mortimer M, Wade L, Tuong TP, Lopez K,Hardy B, editors. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Direct Seeding in AsianRice Systems: strategic research issues and opportunities. Bangkok, Thailand, 2000.Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. p 231-240.Harris D, Kumar Rao JVDK. 2004. Rainfed rabi cropping in rice fallows–chickpea in EasternIndia. A Development brief prepared by the Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University ofWales, UK; Catholic Relief Services, India; Gramin Vikas Trust, India; ICRISAT. 7 p.Harris D, Breese WA, Kumar Rao JVDK. 2005. The improvement of crop yield in marginalenvironments using ‘on-farm’ seed priming: nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and diseaseresistance. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 56:1211-1218.Johansen C, Musa AM, Kumar Rao JVDK, Harris D, Ali MY, Lauren JG. 2004. Molybdenumresponse of chickpea in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh and in Eastern India. In:Anderson P, Tuladhar JK, Karki KB, Maskey SL, editors. Micronutrients in South andSouth East Asia. Proceedings of an International Workshop held at Kathmandu, Nepal,8-11 September 2004. Kathmandu (Nepal): International Centre for Integrated MountainDevelopment. p 205-220.Joshi PK, Birthal PS, Bourai VA. 2002. Socio-economic constraints and opportunities in rainfedrabi cropping in rice fallow areas of India. Patancheru (India): ICRISAT. 57 p.Kumar Rao JVDK, Harris D, Johansen C, Musa AM. 2004. Low-cost provision of molybdenum(Mo) to chickpeas grown in acid soils. Abstracts on CD of IFA International Symposiumon Micronutrients, 23-25 Feb. 2004, New Delhi, India. International Fertilizer IndustryAssociation–www.fertilizer.org.Musa AM, Harris D, Johansen C, Kumar J. 2001. Short-duration chickpea to replace fallowafter aman rice: the role of on-farm seed priming in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh.Exp. Agric. 37:509-521.Singh RB. 2002. The state of food and agriculture in Asia and the Pacific: challenges and opportunities.Paris: IFA/FAO.Subbarao GV, Kumar Rao JVDK, Kumar J, Johansen C, Deb UK, Ahmed I, Krishna Rao MV,Venkataratnam L, Hebber KR, Sai MVSR, Harris D. 2001. Spatial distribution andquantification of rice-fallows in South Asia: potential for legumes. Patancheru (India):International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 316 p.Toomsan B, Rupela OP, Mittal S, Dart PJ, Clark KW. 1984. Counting Cicer-Rhizobium usinga plant infection technique. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16(5):503-507.Visalakshmi V, Ranga Rao GV, Arjuna Rao P. 2005. Integrated pest management strategy againstHelicoverpa armigera Hübner in chickpea. Indian J. Plant Prot. 33:17-22.NotesAuthors’ addresses: J.V.D.K. Kumar Rao, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India;D. Harris, CAZS Natural Resources, University of Wales, Bangor, UK; M. Kankal,Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Hyderabad, A.P., India; B. Gupta, CRS, Raipur, Chattisgarh,India.200 Kumar et al
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Improving AgriculturalProductivity
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Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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The High Barind Tract: a challengin
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irrigation across the entire Barind
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Workshop synthesis
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and, with representatives from the
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Subsistence pressureLand pressure,
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HerbicidesEarlier efforts to introd
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volume). PVS is an effective way to
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Farmers may use wet-seeded DSR as a
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process and distributing HNPV to fa
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an NGO, have successfully collabora
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Workshop discussionParticipants dis
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How can we identify a short-duratio
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to fixed tenancy. The implication i
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Opportunities for improving ricepro
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that the reliability and productivi
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Table 1. Planting dates, direct-see
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Table 2. (A) Mean effect of fertili
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Table 5. On-farm trials of a drum s
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Upper toposequenceYield (t ha -1 )7
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and perennial grasses (e.g., Ischae
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Direct-seeded rice in the HighBarin
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Table 1. Sample selection for costs
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Table 4. Variations in weed managem
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Table 7. Labor requirements (days h
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Table 10. Farmer perceptions of dis
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Farmers (no.)1412108DSRWet-seededDr
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able commercially. Other OFT farmer
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Box 1. Farmers’ comments on DSRPo
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: M.A. Jab
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This paper explores the role of som
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(Olsen method, atomic absorption),
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Mean biomass (g m −2 )1,000.000Fi
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Fig. 3. Log rank abundance of weed
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attested by Fig. 2). Diversity in t
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Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
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Table 1. Grain yield and crop durat
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Table 5. Grain yield and growth dur
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ACEy = 0.0001x + 0.7089Yield (t ha
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Table 11. Partial budget analysis f
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ConclusionsDirect wet-seeded rice u
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A 178% increase in rice production
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Table 1. Components of yield gaps d
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Table 3. Weed management in Comilla
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Table 5. Weed management practices
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Table 7. Significance (P H o ) of t
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Since 2000, there has been an incre
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Identifying varieties for the High
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Table 1. Rice varieties bred by cli
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Table 2. Grain yield advantage of J
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Table 3. Plant height and crop dura
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Table 6. Summary of adoption and sp
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Freeman GH, Perkins J.M. 1971. Envi
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Opportunities for improving rabi cr
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )2.0npp1.5LSD
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In each of the plots, numbers of He
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Table 2. Effect of IPM components o
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Unit plot size was 10 10 m and the
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Yield (t ha -1 )5Straw4321GrainP (g
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Nodulation score3AControl Soil Mo P
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even at low levels of production. B
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Integration of chickpea and other r
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3.02.51989-99
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Improved Improved Rainfed rainfed C
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Table 1. Preharvest and postharvest
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Greater resistance to Helicoverpa p
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wheat varieties). There is also sco
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Developing seed systems fordissemin
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Page 170: where farmers decided not to relay-
Page 174 and 175: Table 2. Mean dates of T. aman harv
Page 176 and 177: Table 4. Subsistence pressure and r
Page 178 and 179: Table 7. Subsistence pressure and r
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Page 184 and 185: Formulation and dissemination ofimp
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Page 188 and 189: Applied researchOFTsAdaptive resear
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Recommended package of pra
Page 192 and 193: Table 2. Grain yields (kg ha -1 ) o
Page 194 and 195: Table 4. Grain yields (t ha -1 ) of
Page 196 and 197: Table 6. Mean grain yields (t ha -1
Page 198: constraints present. This in itself
Page 202 and 203: Extending rabi cropping in rice fal
Page 204 and 205: Table 1. Estimates of rice area dur
Page 206 and 207: Yield (kg ha -1 )1,2001,00080060040
Page 210 and 211: Direct seeding of rice andopportuni
Page 212 and 213: Table 1. Time of establishment and
Page 214 and 215: Table 3. Weed density and biomass a
Page 216 and 217: than in Central Java and many farme
Page 218 and 219: Proportion abundance (log scale)Ran
Page 220 and 221: CAN FIELD BE DRAINED?YesCAN FIELD B
Page 222 and 223: Johnson DE, Mortimer AM. 2005. Issu
Page 224: Zhao DL, Atlin GN, Bastiaans L, Spi
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