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chickpea, this resulted in a recommended “technology package” of short-duration T.aman (BRRI Dhan 32 or 33) followed by chickpea (Nabin or BARI chola-3) (Haqueet al 2001). Building on this research, scientists have successfully identified technologyoptions for the problems of low rice yields and low cropping intensity, and forthe second-order problems associated with these options.None of these technical options is problem-free. Each has limitations in termsof land type, soils, and rainfall conditions. But, provided these conditions are met,they offer farmers a fairly robust set of technologies (Table 1) to raise income fromagriculture.Short-duration rice varieties (TPR)Rice varieties suited to direct seeding that combine early maturity with high yieldwould be of substantial benefit to farmers (Mazid et al 2002). Experience in field trialsshowed that some short-duration rice (SDR) varieties have lacked traits that farmerswant and that these compared poorly to Swarna. Experience with SDR using varietiesfrom Nepal show that under farmers’ management variety Judi 582, which maturedin only 90 days, had a yield similar that of Swarna (Joshi et al, this volume). Underhigh-management conditions, however, Judi 582 gave a lower yield than Swarna andshort-duration varieties developed by BRRI (Salam et al, this volume). Some cultivarswere also vulnerable to losses from pests and diseases, and susceptible to sterilitycaused by rainfall during flowering, while other cultivars show greater promise. Itappears likely that further testing of the available short duration rice cultivars willresult in widely adapted cultivars being identified for promotion.Swarna (DSR)After farmers rejected short-duration BRRI varieties because of their lower yields,we switched to comparing DSR and TPR using Swarna. The results showed thatfarmers could get identical yields to TPR on high or medium land yet harvest riceearlier. Dry-seeded and wet-seeded Swarna were harvested 8–9 days earlier thantransplanted Swarna (Mazid et al, this volume). Hence, early-maturing cultivars werenot a prerequisite for advancing harvest date, although the time “saved” by SDR couldbe greater than 8–9 days.ChickpeaModern varieties of chickpea with good adaptation and high yield potential (>2 tha –1 ) exist for the HBT (e.g., Barichola 2, 3, and 5). Chickpea cultivar Barichola 5,which has early maturity (120–125 days) and some resistance to Fusarium wilt, hasbeen particularly successful in expanding the area planted to chickpea in the HBT(Uddin et al 2005). Farmers have experienced difficulty in finding good-quality seedof improved varieties, however (Saha 2002). To overcome this problem, village-levelseed production plots were established and farmers were trained in seed storage andpreservation.Farm-level opportunities for increasing productivity and income in the High Barind Tract: a synthesis 13
HerbicidesEarlier efforts to introduce DSR were frustrated by the high cost of manual weedingto control weeds that, when farmers grow TPR, are suppressed by standing water. Therapid adoption of herbicides has now reduced the need for manual weeding and madeDSR a realistic option. A preemergence herbicide is sprayed onto saturated soil within4 days of seeding. Because the herbicide is effective only in the right soil conditions,farmers must be able to drain the field if the water level is too high. This effectivelyrules out DSR on low-lying land (Mortimer et al, this volume).Seeding DSRBroadcasting seed made DSR difficult to weed, whereas manual line-sowing requirestoo much labor to be practical in farmers’ fields. Hence, the absence of suitable equipmentfor seeding was an obstacle to popularizing DSR. The introduction of a lithaoallowed farmers to dry-seed rice three rows at a time, which were then covered by aharrow. The introduction of the drum seeder in 2004 allowed farmers to wet-seed 12rows at a time. Although these machines have to be pulled by hand, they require farless labor than transplanting.Improved chickpea yieldsA combination of techniques is now available to boost yields of chickpea. Seed priming(soaking seeds overnight, briefly drying them, and then sowing) enhances germinationand seedling vigor. Paired-plot trials over four rabi seasons between 1998-99 and 2001-02 showed an average additional yield from seed priming of 22% to 48% (Johansenand Musa 2004, Musa et al 2001, Harris et al, this volume). Other techniques includenutrient enhancement by adding trace elements such as molybdenum (Mo) and variouscontrol strategies for pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), the major insect pest ofchickpea in the HBT. In addition, because continuous cropping with chickpea resultsin the buildup of Fusarium spp., farmers need to rotate chickpea with other rabi crops(Johansen et al, this volume).ProfitabilityAll these technology options have been evaluated by economists and the results showthat they raise both income and productivity (Table 2). With DSR, a labor-savingtechnology, the benefits come not from higher rice yields but from the lower cost oflabor required for crop establishment and weeding (Jabbar et al, this volume). Withshort-duration rice varieties and chickpea, which are land-augmenting technologies,the benefits come from more intensive use of land. Chickpea is the most profitablerabi crop grown in the HBT, provided that weather conditions are favorable, and lowerinput costs also make it more profitable than irrigated rabi crops such as boro rice orwheat (Musa and Johansen 2004, Saha 2002).14 Orr et al
Page 2: Improving AgriculturalProductivity
Page 5: Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
Page 8: AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
Page 12 and 13: The High Barind Tract: a challengin
Page 14 and 15: irrigation across the entire Barind
Page 16: Workshop synthesis
Page 19 and 20: and, with representatives from the
Page 21: Subsistence pressureLand pressure,
Page 25 and 26: volume). PVS is an effective way to
Page 27 and 28: Farmers may use wet-seeded DSR as a
Page 29 and 30: process and distributing HNPV to fa
Page 31 and 32: an NGO, have successfully collabora
Page 34 and 35: Workshop discussionParticipants dis
Page 36 and 37: How can we identify a short-duratio
Page 38 and 39: to fixed tenancy. The implication i
Page 40: Opportunities for improving ricepro
Page 43 and 44: that the reliability and productivi
Page 45 and 46: Table 1. Planting dates, direct-see
Page 47 and 48: Table 2. (A) Mean effect of fertili
Page 49 and 50: Table 5. On-farm trials of a drum s
Page 51 and 52: Upper toposequenceYield (t ha -1 )7
Page 53 and 54: and perennial grasses (e.g., Ischae
Page 56 and 57: Direct-seeded rice in the HighBarin
Page 58: Table 1. Sample selection for costs
Page 61 and 62: Table 4. Variations in weed managem
Page 63 and 64: Table 7. Labor requirements (days h
Page 65 and 66: Table 10. Farmer perceptions of dis
Page 67 and 68: Farmers (no.)1412108DSRWet-seededDr
Page 69 and 70: able commercially. Other OFT farmer
Page 71: Box 1. Farmers’ comments on DSRPo
Page 74:
NotesAuthors’ addresses: M.A. Jab
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This paper explores the role of som
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(Olsen method, atomic absorption),
Page 82 and 83:
Mean biomass (g m −2 )1,000.000Fi
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Fig. 3. Log rank abundance of weed
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attested by Fig. 2). Diversity in t
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Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
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Table 1. Grain yield and crop durat
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Table 5. Grain yield and growth dur
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ACEy = 0.0001x + 0.7089Yield (t ha
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Table 11. Partial budget analysis f
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ConclusionsDirect wet-seeded rice u
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A 178% increase in rice production
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Table 1. Components of yield gaps d
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Table 3. Weed management in Comilla
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Table 5. Weed management practices
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Table 7. Significance (P H o ) of t
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Since 2000, there has been an incre
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Identifying varieties for the High
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Table 1. Rice varieties bred by cli
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Table 2. Grain yield advantage of J
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Table 3. Plant height and crop dura
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Table 6. Summary of adoption and sp
Page 124 and 125:
Freeman GH, Perkins J.M. 1971. Envi
Page 126:
Opportunities for improving rabi cr
Page 129 and 130:
Grain yield (t ha -1 )2.0npp1.5LSD
Page 131 and 132:
In each of the plots, numbers of He
Page 133 and 134:
Table 2. Effect of IPM components o
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Unit plot size was 10 10 m and the
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Yield (t ha -1 )5Straw4321GrainP (g
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Nodulation score3AControl Soil Mo P
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even at low levels of production. B
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Integration of chickpea and other r
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Grain yield (t ha -1 )3.02.51989-99
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Improved Improved Rainfed rainfed C
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Table 1. Preharvest and postharvest
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Greater resistance to Helicoverpa p
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wheat varieties). There is also sco
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Developing seed systems fordissemin
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This paper describes attempts to em
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seed needed to attain the recommend
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introduced to permit sale beyond th
Page 164:
pesticides, inoculation with benefi
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for the rabi crop in 2001. Hence, b
Page 170:
where farmers decided not to relay-
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Table 2. Mean dates of T. aman harv
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Table 4. Subsistence pressure and r
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Table 7. Subsistence pressure and r
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cite the absence of rent as a facto
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abi cropping in the HBT through ear
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Formulation and dissemination ofimp
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in India, for which shorter-duratio
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Applied researchOFTsAdaptive resear
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Table 1. Recommended package of pra
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Table 2. Grain yields (kg ha -1 ) o
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Table 4. Grain yields (t ha -1 ) of
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Table 6. Mean grain yields (t ha -1
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constraints present. This in itself
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Extending rabi cropping in rice fal
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Table 1. Estimates of rice area dur
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Yield (kg ha -1 )1,2001,00080060040
Page 208 and 209:
Future disseminationThrough dialogu
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Direct seeding of rice andopportuni
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Table 1. Time of establishment and
Page 214 and 215:
Table 3. Weed density and biomass a
Page 216 and 217:
than in Central Java and many farme
Page 218 and 219:
Proportion abundance (log scale)Ran
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CAN FIELD BE DRAINED?YesCAN FIELD B
Page 222 and 223:
Johnson DE, Mortimer AM. 2005. Issu
Page 224:
Zhao DL, Atlin GN, Bastiaans L, Spi
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