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Table 7. Subsistence pressure and rabi cropping, Rajshahi District, 2002.Subsistence pressure aSig. levelVariable (P >)Tercile 1 Tercile 2 Tercile 3(n = 30) (n = 30) (n = 31)Effective land per consumer a 0.26 0.49 1.34 0.000Area planted to rabi cropsMean area (ha) 0.66 0.93 1.43 0.001% of rice area 43.3 26.2 24.7 0.007% of total area 21.6 30.3 44.3Mean T. aman harvest date 27 Nov 28 Nov 28 Nov 0.862Mean rabi sowing date 27 Nov 26 Nov 31 Nov 0.137% rabi crops planted onHighland 48.2 23.4 30.0 0.288Medium land 38.8 33.8 39.2 0.854Lowland 20.7 24.5 27.6 0.797% rabi crops planted onBarind soils 77.7 66.9 51.6 0.320% rabi crops planted on rented land 61.1 22.0 28.0 0.044% rabi planted afterSwarna 88.5 54.5 70.0 0.113MVs 9.3 20.7 19.1 0.318Cropping pattern (%)Swarna-rabi 37.7 22.8 23.1 0.066Swarna-fallow 52.3 70.5 73.7 0.021MV-rabi 9.3 29.7 22.5 0.084MV-fallow 7.4 17.0 13.0 0.403a Effective land cultivated per consumer.Source: Rabi survey (2002).farms grew rabi crops under slightly less favorable conditions than other farms. Nearlyhalf the rabi crops on resource-poor farms were planted on highland and almost 80%were planted on Barind soils. These differences were not statistically significant,however. But rabi crops on resource-poor farms were more likely to be grown onsharecropped plots. The normal practice in this case was for one-third of the yield tobe shared with the landlord. As we have seen, households with high subsistence pressureplanted the same share of their rice land to Swarna as other farms. Despite this,and because they harvested at the same time as other farms, they were more likely tofollow Swarna with a rabi crop.The potential for rabi croppingThe potential increase in cropping intensity was explored by asking farmers abouttheir perceptions on how to expand the area planted to chickpea. To capture differencesbetween farms, households were divided into terciles according to the share ofcultivated land planted to rabi crops.Decision-making for rabi cropping in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh: a farmer perspective 169
Table 8. Potential for increase in area planted to chickpea, by intensity of rabi cropping,Rajshahi District, 2002.VariableCultivated areaSig.levelplanted to rabi crops (%) (P >)Tercile 1 Tercile 2 Tercile 3 Total(n = 30) (n = 30) (n = 31) (n = 91)Area planted to rabi (%) 10.4 26.5 59.1 32.3 0.000Area planted to T. aman (ha) 1.74 1.78 1.04 1.51 0.004Is farmer growing chickpea?Yes 11 16 11 38No 19 14 20 53 0.290Area planted to chickpea (ha) 0.06 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.037Factors helping planting of chickpea (mean rank):Good soil moisture 2.00 2.06 1.91 2.00 0.955Suitable soils 2.18 1.94 1.45 1.87 0.670Early harvest of T. aman 1.18 2.13 2.09 1.84 0.101Irrigation available 3.00 2.00 1.73 2.21 0.125No rent paid to landlord 1.73 1.06 0.00 0.95 0.040Can chickpea area be increased if T. amanis harvested earlier?Yes 20 20 16 56 0.376No 10 10 15 35If increase not possible, why?Land not suitable 4 4 9 17 0.252No irrigation 2 4 1 7Poor yield 4 2 3 9Low harvest prices 0 0 2 2Weeks earlier required to increase areaplanted to chickpeaOne week 19 20 12 51 0.070Two weeks 1 0 3 4Potential change in chickpea area followingearlier harvest of T. aman (ha):Additional chickpea area 0.75 0.72 0.24 0.55 0.056Existing rabi area 0.17 0.45 0.55 0.40 0.000Additional + existing rabi area 2.35 2.88 2.10 2.44 0.455Potential rabi cropping (%) 55.5 61.3 86.2 67.8 0.021Source: Rabi survey (2002).As expected, farmers with a high share of land planted to rabi crops had significantlysmaller farms and significantly greater consumption pressure (Table 8). Fortytwopercent of the farmers grew chickpea, with no significant difference between thethree groups. Among the reasons farmers gave as helping the cultivation of chickpea,availability of irrigation was ranked first, followed by good soil moisture and suitablesoils. Early harvest of T. aman was ranked fourth. Interestingly, small farmers did not170 Orr et al
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Improving AgriculturalProductivity
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Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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The High Barind Tract: a challengin
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irrigation across the entire Barind
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Workshop synthesis
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and, with representatives from the
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Subsistence pressureLand pressure,
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HerbicidesEarlier efforts to introd
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volume). PVS is an effective way to
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Farmers may use wet-seeded DSR as a
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process and distributing HNPV to fa
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an NGO, have successfully collabora
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Workshop discussionParticipants dis
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How can we identify a short-duratio
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to fixed tenancy. The implication i
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Opportunities for improving ricepro
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that the reliability and productivi
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Table 1. Planting dates, direct-see
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Table 2. (A) Mean effect of fertili
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Table 5. On-farm trials of a drum s
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Upper toposequenceYield (t ha -1 )7
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and perennial grasses (e.g., Ischae
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Direct-seeded rice in the HighBarin
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Table 1. Sample selection for costs
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Table 4. Variations in weed managem
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Table 7. Labor requirements (days h
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Table 10. Farmer perceptions of dis
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Farmers (no.)1412108DSRWet-seededDr
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able commercially. Other OFT farmer
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Box 1. Farmers’ comments on DSRPo
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: M.A. Jab
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This paper explores the role of som
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(Olsen method, atomic absorption),
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Mean biomass (g m −2 )1,000.000Fi
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Fig. 3. Log rank abundance of weed
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attested by Fig. 2). Diversity in t
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Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
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Table 1. Grain yield and crop durat
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Table 5. Grain yield and growth dur
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ACEy = 0.0001x + 0.7089Yield (t ha
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Table 11. Partial budget analysis f
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ConclusionsDirect wet-seeded rice u
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A 178% increase in rice production
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Table 1. Components of yield gaps d
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Table 3. Weed management in Comilla
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Table 5. Weed management practices
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Table 7. Significance (P H o ) of t
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Since 2000, there has been an incre
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Identifying varieties for the High
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Table 1. Rice varieties bred by cli
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Table 2. Grain yield advantage of J
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Table 3. Plant height and crop dura
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Table 6. Summary of adoption and sp
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Freeman GH, Perkins J.M. 1971. Envi
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Opportunities for improving rabi cr
Page 129 and 130: Grain yield (t ha -1 )2.0npp1.5LSD
Page 131 and 132: In each of the plots, numbers of He
Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Effect of IPM components o
Page 135 and 136: Unit plot size was 10 10 m and the
Page 137 and 138: Yield (t ha -1 )5Straw4321GrainP (g
Page 139 and 140: Nodulation score3AControl Soil Mo P
Page 141 and 142: even at low levels of production. B
Page 144 and 145: Integration of chickpea and other r
Page 146 and 147: Grain yield (t ha -1 )3.02.51989-99
Page 148 and 149: Improved Improved Rainfed rainfed C
Page 150 and 151: Table 1. Preharvest and postharvest
Page 152 and 153: Greater resistance to Helicoverpa p
Page 154 and 155: wheat varieties). There is also sco
Page 156 and 157: Developing seed systems fordissemin
Page 158 and 159: This paper describes attempts to em
Page 160 and 161: seed needed to attain the recommend
Page 162 and 163: introduced to permit sale beyond th
Page 164: pesticides, inoculation with benefi
Page 168 and 169: for the rabi crop in 2001. Hence, b
Page 170: where farmers decided not to relay-
Page 174 and 175: Table 2. Mean dates of T. aman harv
Page 176 and 177: Table 4. Subsistence pressure and r
Page 180 and 181: cite the absence of rent as a facto
Page 182 and 183: abi cropping in the HBT through ear
Page 184 and 185: Formulation and dissemination ofimp
Page 186 and 187: in India, for which shorter-duratio
Page 188 and 189: Applied researchOFTsAdaptive resear
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Recommended package of pra
Page 192 and 193: Table 2. Grain yields (kg ha -1 ) o
Page 194 and 195: Table 4. Grain yields (t ha -1 ) of
Page 196 and 197: Table 6. Mean grain yields (t ha -1
Page 198: constraints present. This in itself
Page 202 and 203: Extending rabi cropping in rice fal
Page 204 and 205: Table 1. Estimates of rice area dur
Page 206 and 207: Yield (kg ha -1 )1,2001,00080060040
Page 208 and 209: Future disseminationThrough dialogu
Page 210 and 211: Direct seeding of rice andopportuni
Page 212 and 213: Table 1. Time of establishment and
Page 214 and 215: Table 3. Weed density and biomass a
Page 216 and 217: than in Central Java and many farme
Page 218 and 219: Proportion abundance (log scale)Ran
Page 220 and 221: CAN FIELD BE DRAINED?YesCAN FIELD B
Page 222 and 223: Johnson DE, Mortimer AM. 2005. Issu
Page 224: Zhao DL, Atlin GN, Bastiaans L, Spi
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