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wheat varieties). There is also scope to refine the agronomic requirements of thesecrops as current recommendations are based on their cultivation in alluvial soils inBangladesh where seedbed moisture conditions are generally favorable.ConclusionsThe possibilities for earlier harvest of T. aman rice, through the use of short-durationvarieties or direct seeding, without yield loss to rice, substantially widen the sowingwindow for rainfed rabi crops. This is of particular benefit to mustard and lentil, forwhich early sowing, before mid-November at the latest, is essential. In expandingthe cultivation of rainfed rabi crops in the HBT, it is necessary to focus on reducingyield risk, at minimal input cost. A prime consideration in this regard is to be able tosow into seedbeds that will maintain adequate moisture during the seed germinationand seedling establishment process. There is scope for achieving this through mechanizedminimum-tillage techniques. It is also necessary to meet the particular nutrientneeds of each crop, such as the Mo requirement of legumes and the B requirementof oilseeds. Care is also needed in managing the biotic constraints of each crop. Anadvantage of the crops alternative to chickpea studied here is that they are, now atleast, relatively less affected by biotic constraints than chickpea, whose yield can bedrastically reduced by fusarium wilt, collar rot, BGM, and pod borer.The major constraint to rainfed rabi cropping in the HBT continues to be inadequatesoil moisture. Where tube-well irrigation is not possible, there is scope forexpanding supplementary irrigation, in the form of watershed catchments, plastichose-pipe irrigation from ponds and dams, and the use of drip irrigation. However, thiswould be suitable only for water-use-efficient crops, to maximize water-use efficiency(WUE) of the crops sown. Substantial livelihood improvement in the HBT dependson diversification of agricultural enterprises and income sources in the region, suchas through increased cultivation of vegetables, trees, livestock, fisheries, etc. This inturn depends on improving the overall WUE of the entire production system.ReferencesAli MY, Krishnamurthy L, Saxena NP, Rupela OP, Kumar J, Johansen C. 2002. Scope for geneticmanipulation of mineral acquisition in chickpea. Plant Soil 245:123-134.Bodruzzaman M, Meisner CM, Al-Sadat MM, Khan MHH. 2004. Tillage options for wheatcultivation in Bangladesh. Dinajpur (Bangladesh): Wheat Research Centre, BangladeshAgricultural Research Institute, and Dhaka (Bangladesh): CIMMYT. 20 p.Hamid M, Hunt JM. 1987. Poverty and nature: socio-ecological analysis of the BarindTract. Dhaka (Bangladesh): Canadian International Development Agency, preparedfor Agriculture Sector Team, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Government ofBangladesh. 536 p.Haware MP. 1998. Diseases of chickpea. In: Allen DJ, Lenné JM, editors. The pathology offood and pasture legumes. Wallingford (UK): CAB International. p 473-516.Integration of chickpea and other rabi crops into rainfed rice-based systems of the High Barind Tract 145
Huda MN, Hussain MM. 1989. Pulse and oilseed technology in Bangladesh. BADC BeejbartaSpecial Series No. 5. Dhaka (Bangladesh): Bangladesh Agricultural DevelopmentCorporation. 251 p.Islam MS, Musa AM, Kar NK, Islam MS, Rahman MS. 1994. Profitable cropping pattern forrainfed High Barind Tract of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Agric. Sci. 21:125-132.Musa AM, Harris D, Johansen C, Kumar J. 2001. Short duration chickpea to replace fallowafter aman rice: the role of on-farm seed priming in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh.Exp. Agric. 37:509-521.Nene YL, Reddy MV. 1987. Chickpea diseases and their control. In: Saxena MC, Singh KB,editors. Wallingford (UK): CAB International. p 233-270.PROVA (People’s Resource-Oriented Voluntary Association). 2004. Annual report 2003. Rajshahi(Bangladesh): PROVA. 28 p.Samson BK, Wade LJ. 1998. Soil physical constraints affecting root growth, water extraction, andnutrient uptake in rainfed lowland rice. In: Ladha JK, Wade L, Dobermann A, ReichardtW, Kirk GJD, Piggin C, editors. Rainfed lowland rice: advances in nutrient managementresearch. Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. p 231-244.Saxena MC. 1987. Agronomy of chickpea. In: Saxena MC, Singh KB, editors. Wallingford(UK): CAB International. p 207-232.Stirling CM, Witcombe JR. 2004. Farmers and plant breeders in partnership. Second edition.Bangor (UK): Department for International Development (DFID), Plant SciencesResearch Programme (PSP), Centre for Arid Zone Studies (CAZS), University of Wales.38 p.Witcombe JR, Joshi KD, Gyawali S, Musa AM, Johansen C, Virk DS, Sthapit BR. 2005. Participatoryplant breeding is better described as highly client-oriented plant breeding. I.Four indicators of client-orientation in plant breeding. Exp. Agric. 41:1-21.NotesAuthors’ addresses: C. Johansen, 15 Westgate Court, Leeming, WA 6149, e-mail: cjo41802@bigpond.net.au; A.M. Musa, People’s Resource-Oriented Voluntary Association(PROVA), B/251, Kazihata, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, e-mail: musaprova@librabd.net; D.Harris, Centre for Arid Zone Studies (CAZS), Plant Sciences Programme, University ofWales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UK, e-mail: d.harris@bangor.ac.uk; M. ShafiqulIslam, On-farm Research Division-Barind, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI), Rajshahi, Bangladesh; M. Omar Ali, Regional Agricultural Research Station,BARI, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh, e-mail: prc@bdonline.com.146 Johansen et al
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Improving AgriculturalProductivity
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Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
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AcknowledgmentsIRRI is most gratefu
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The High Barind Tract: a challengin
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irrigation across the entire Barind
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Workshop synthesis
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and, with representatives from the
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Subsistence pressureLand pressure,
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HerbicidesEarlier efforts to introd
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volume). PVS is an effective way to
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Farmers may use wet-seeded DSR as a
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process and distributing HNPV to fa
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an NGO, have successfully collabora
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Workshop discussionParticipants dis
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How can we identify a short-duratio
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to fixed tenancy. The implication i
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Opportunities for improving ricepro
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that the reliability and productivi
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Table 1. Planting dates, direct-see
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Table 2. (A) Mean effect of fertili
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Table 5. On-farm trials of a drum s
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Upper toposequenceYield (t ha -1 )7
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and perennial grasses (e.g., Ischae
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Direct-seeded rice in the HighBarin
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Table 1. Sample selection for costs
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Table 4. Variations in weed managem
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Table 7. Labor requirements (days h
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Table 10. Farmer perceptions of dis
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Farmers (no.)1412108DSRWet-seededDr
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able commercially. Other OFT farmer
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Box 1. Farmers’ comments on DSRPo
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: M.A. Jab
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This paper explores the role of som
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(Olsen method, atomic absorption),
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Mean biomass (g m −2 )1,000.000Fi
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Fig. 3. Log rank abundance of weed
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attested by Fig. 2). Diversity in t
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Bangladeshi experiences with a drum
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Table 1. Grain yield and crop durat
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Table 5. Grain yield and growth dur
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ACEy = 0.0001x + 0.7089Yield (t ha
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Table 11. Partial budget analysis f
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ConclusionsDirect wet-seeded rice u
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A 178% increase in rice production
Page 103 and 104: Table 1. Components of yield gaps d
Page 105 and 106: Table 3. Weed management in Comilla
Page 107 and 108: Table 5. Weed management practices
Page 109 and 110: Table 7. Significance (P H o ) of t
Page 111 and 112: Since 2000, there has been an incre
Page 114 and 115: Identifying varieties for the High
Page 116 and 117: Table 1. Rice varieties bred by cli
Page 118 and 119: Table 2. Grain yield advantage of J
Page 120 and 121: Table 3. Plant height and crop dura
Page 122 and 123: Table 6. Summary of adoption and sp
Page 124 and 125: Freeman GH, Perkins J.M. 1971. Envi
Page 126: Opportunities for improving rabi cr
Page 129 and 130: Grain yield (t ha -1 )2.0npp1.5LSD
Page 131 and 132: In each of the plots, numbers of He
Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Effect of IPM components o
Page 135 and 136: Unit plot size was 10 10 m and the
Page 137 and 138: Yield (t ha -1 )5Straw4321GrainP (g
Page 139 and 140: Nodulation score3AControl Soil Mo P
Page 141 and 142: even at low levels of production. B
Page 144 and 145: Integration of chickpea and other r
Page 146 and 147: Grain yield (t ha -1 )3.02.51989-99
Page 148 and 149: Improved Improved Rainfed rainfed C
Page 150 and 151: Table 1. Preharvest and postharvest
Page 152 and 153: Greater resistance to Helicoverpa p
Page 156 and 157: Developing seed systems fordissemin
Page 158 and 159: This paper describes attempts to em
Page 160 and 161: seed needed to attain the recommend
Page 162 and 163: introduced to permit sale beyond th
Page 164: pesticides, inoculation with benefi
Page 168 and 169: for the rabi crop in 2001. Hence, b
Page 170: where farmers decided not to relay-
Page 174 and 175: Table 2. Mean dates of T. aman harv
Page 176 and 177: Table 4. Subsistence pressure and r
Page 178 and 179: Table 7. Subsistence pressure and r
Page 180 and 181: cite the absence of rent as a facto
Page 182 and 183: abi cropping in the HBT through ear
Page 184 and 185: Formulation and dissemination ofimp
Page 186 and 187: in India, for which shorter-duratio
Page 188 and 189: Applied researchOFTsAdaptive resear
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Recommended package of pra
Page 192 and 193: Table 2. Grain yields (kg ha -1 ) o
Page 194 and 195: Table 4. Grain yields (t ha -1 ) of
Page 196 and 197: Table 6. Mean grain yields (t ha -1
Page 198: constraints present. This in itself
Page 202 and 203: Extending rabi cropping in rice fal
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Table 1. Estimates of rice area dur
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Yield (kg ha -1 )1,2001,00080060040
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Future disseminationThrough dialogu
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Direct seeding of rice andopportuni
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Table 1. Time of establishment and
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Table 3. Weed density and biomass a
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than in Central Java and many farme
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Proportion abundance (log scale)Ran
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CAN FIELD BE DRAINED?YesCAN FIELD B
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Johnson DE, Mortimer AM. 2005. Issu
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Zhao DL, Atlin GN, Bastiaans L, Spi
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