Finding Potential Sites for Small-Scale Hydro Power in Uganda: a ...

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Depending on the appearance of the site the small-scale hydropower schemes can befurther subdivided into low and high-head systems. This is because the same level ofpower can be obtained from a large quantity of water falling a short distance (low-head),or from a smaller quantity of water falling a greater distance (high-head) (IEA, 1998).Over the last few decades there has been a growing realization in developing countriesthat small-scale hydropower schemes have an important role to play in the economicdevelopment of remote rural areas, especially mountainous ones. Depending on the enduserequirements of the generated power, the output from the turbine shaft can be useddirectly as mechanical power or the turbine can be connected to an electrical generator toproduce electricity. For many rural industrial applications, e.g. milling or oil extraction,carpentry workshop or for small scale mining equipment, shaft power is suitable, butmany applications require conversion to electrical power. For domestic applications, likerefrigerators, light bulbs, radios, televisions, and food processors electricity is preferred.This can be provided either:o directly to the home via a small electrical distribution system, oro by means of batteries which are returned periodically to the power house forrecharging. This system is common where the cost of direct electrification isprohibitive due to scattered housing and hence an expensive distribution system(Anderson et al., 1999).The basic physical principle of hydropower is that if water can be piped from a certainlevel to a lower level, then the resulting water pressure can be used to perform work. Ifthe water pressure is allowed to move a mechanical component then that movementinvolves the conversion of water energy into mechanical energy. Hydro-turbines convertwater pressure into mechanical shaft power, which can be used to drive an electricitygenerator, a grain mill, or some other useful device (Fraenkel et al., 1991). Figure 3.3shows the main components of a run-of-the-river small-scale hydropower scheme. Eachof the components has been described more in detail below.16
Figure 3.3 Layout and components of a typical small-scale hydropower installation.Source: Anderson et al., 1999.o The source of water is a stream or sometimes an irrigation canal. Small amountsof water can also be diverted from larger flows such as rivers. The mostimportant considerations are that the source of water is reliable and not neededby someone else. Springs make excellent sources as they can often be dependedon even in dry weather and are usually clean. This means that the intake is lesslikely to become silted and require regular cleaning.o Run-of-the-river schemes requires no water storage; the water is instead divertedby the intake weir into a small settling basin, where the suspended sediment cansettle. A grid to prevent the flow of large objects such as logs, which may damagethe turbines, usually protects the intake.o The water can, when it is needed be channelled in, usually a concrete canal, alongthe side of a valley to preserve its elevation.o The water is then led into the forebay tank, whose job is to hold a sufficient bodyof water to ensure that the penstock is always fully submerged to prevent suctionof air to the turbine (www.esru.strath.ac.uk). The forebay tank can sometimes beenlarged to form a small reservoir. A reservoir can be a useful energy store if thewater available is insufficient in the dry season.17
Page 1: Seminar series nr 121Finding Potent
Page 5: AbstractOver 2 billion people, most
Page 9: AcknowledgmentsFirst of all, we wou
Page 12 and 13: 5 Result ..........................
Page 14 and 15: For the specific case of Uganda, a
Page 17 and 18: 2 Study AreaThe main reason for us
Page 19 and 20: In the 1960’s Uganda was one of t
Page 21 and 22: 2.1.3 TopographyMost of Uganda is s
Page 23: Figure 2.4 The highest volcano in K
Page 26 and 27: e able to manually write the data,
Page 30 and 31: o Then the water flows from the for
Page 32 and 33: and generator is 65% and 80% effici
Page 34 and 35: Table 3.2 Capacity and production o
Page 36 and 37: Table 3.5 Small-scale hydropower ca
Page 38 and 39: technology was supplied to an area
Page 40 and 41: component to all of these issues, g
Page 42 and 43: The Rural Electrification project t
Page 44 and 45: The closer the interviewer is to th
Page 46 and 47: Over this area we bought the follow
Page 48 and 49: The primary erosive force determini
Page 50 and 51: There are a set of tolerances used
Page 52 and 53: ivers are seasonal, since the hydro
Page 54 and 55: (a) (b) (c)Figure 4.8 An example sh
Page 56 and 57: 4.2.6 Post Processing of Output Dat
Page 58 and 59: A = ( b ⋅ h)2(4.3)Where A equals
Page 60 and 61: elinquish because of too expensive
Page 62 and 63: The first step when performing the
Page 64 and 65: more obvious in their geographic co
Page 66 and 67: By using a smaller area it is possi
Page 68 and 69: 5.3 Summary of Resultso The general
Page 70 and 71: projects are supposed to be finance
Page 72 and 73: Sinks are a reoccurring problem whe
Page 74 and 75: UTM Zone 36N projection. The study
Page 76 and 77: As described in chapter 3.3.3 all r
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and if good financing possibilities
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Hutchinson M. F., Dowling T. I., 19
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9 Appendix9.1 Interview: Rural Elec
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9.3 Digital DataAll data layers are
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Frame creationThis is made in order
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Site 16 (147486,78619)Site 20 (1560
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