Review of the management of feral animals and their impact on ...

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Summary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> effectiveness <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> camel control methods Method <strong>of</strong> control Hunting <strong>and</strong> harvesting Aerial shooting High Ground shooting <strong>and</strong> recreational hunting Efficacy Control method efficiency Moderate High Low Judas camel High Fencing High Target specificity High Logistical practicalities Low to moderate Overall effectiveness 94 Advantages <strong>of</strong> method Disadvantages <strong>of</strong> method Low Sale <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> <strong>of</strong>fsets costs <strong>of</strong> control Incentive for control High High High High Allows broad-scale control over remote, difficult to access areas. Unknown High Low Low Target specific control Income from recreational hunters Low Low High Unknown Biological control Unknown Unknown Unknown Low Moderate Low Moderate Allows targeted control <strong>of</strong> small residual populations <strong>of</strong> camels <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> remote herds Allows excellent protection <strong>of</strong> small areas <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> Unknown Unknown Unknown, but possibly low cost implementation through selfdissemination. Not possible in inaccessible or remote locations Small <strong>impact</strong> on population Particularly expensive at low <strong>feral</strong> camel densities. Difficult in remote areas Confined to easily accessible locations Low removal rate Expensive <strong>and</strong> requires a high level <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>iciency. Not applicable at high populations densities. Requires continuing maintenance <strong>and</strong> cannot be applied across large remote areas Impact on commercial camel industry especially export market Yet to be developed
5.5 Management <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> cats Historically, a range <strong>of</strong> techniques has been used in attempts to control <strong>feral</strong> cats, including shooting, trapping, poison baiting, fumigation <strong>and</strong> hunting. Available methods are generally expensive, labour intensive, require continuing <strong>management</strong> effort <strong>and</strong> can be effective only in very limited areas. Eradication with <strong>the</strong>se techniques is currently not possible <strong>and</strong> research into more effective methods is required. The level <strong>of</strong> control pressure on <strong>feral</strong> cats is also generally lower than that on some o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>feral</strong> predators due to <strong>the</strong> fact <strong>the</strong>y have little or no <strong>impact</strong> on agricultural production. Commercial harvesting Feral cats have been hunted in <strong>the</strong> past for <strong>the</strong>ir fur, which was mostly exported, but no skins or furs have been exported since 1988-89 (Ramsay 1994) <strong>and</strong> this practise has now ceased. Shooting Shooting, when carried out humanely, is an acceptable control technique, although it is labour intensive. Recently a code <strong>of</strong> practice for <strong>the</strong> humane destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> cats was devloped (Sharp & Saunders 2004). In order to maximise <strong>the</strong> value <strong>of</strong> shooting, it needs to be applied for an extended period or timed to take advantage <strong>of</strong> opportunities that expose <strong>feral</strong> cats to such control actions, e.g. wet season flooding. Newsome et al. (1989) demonstrated that prey population numbers (in this case rabbits) can be increased significantly in areas where <strong>feral</strong> cats <strong>and</strong> foxes were systematically removed by spotlight shooting, highlightling <strong>the</strong> potential value <strong>of</strong> this control technique in managing endangered species in appropriate habitats. Recreational shooters also target <strong>feral</strong> cats; however <strong>the</strong> magnitude <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>impact</strong> on <strong>feral</strong> cat or prey populations is unknown. The South Australian Department <strong>of</strong> Environment <strong>and</strong> Natural Resources uses recreational hunters to complement o<strong>the</strong>r methods <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> cat control in some areas. Trapping Trapping as a control method is labour intensive <strong>and</strong> is only recommended where eradication is <strong>the</strong> objective, such as on isl<strong>and</strong>s, isolated populations or small reserve areas. Historically, steel-jawed traps, neck snares <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r trap types have been used to capture <strong>feral</strong> cats including. The inhumane nature <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se traps has led to <strong>the</strong> cessation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir use. Instead, more humane s<strong>of</strong>t-jawed traps are are used to capture live <strong>feral</strong> cats <strong>and</strong> represent a viable option for control. The likelihood <strong>of</strong> lighter non-target species being snared in <strong>the</strong>se traps can be reduced by appropriately adjusting <strong>the</strong> pan that tensions <strong>the</strong> trap. Cage traps are also widely used, but are generally ineffective for trapping <strong>feral</strong> cats (Environment Australia 1999c). To successfully trap <strong>feral</strong> cats, <strong>the</strong> lure or attractant chosen is most important. Research on a number <strong>of</strong> lure types is currently being undertaken. Researchers within Australia are currently examining audio <strong>and</strong> visual attractants that will lure <strong>feral</strong> cats to baits. Bait additives that enhance smell <strong>and</strong> taste are also being evaluated. 95
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Review of<
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Contributors Andrew Norris Pest Ani
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3.7.36 Common Myna (Acridot
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Table of figures F
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Section 2 Introduction Feral <stron
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Amanda Dimmock, QD
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Section 3 A status review o
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3.4 Birds Thirteen (or 14) species
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Information on the
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Summary A rodent that contributes t
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Dingoes can become a threat to wild
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The significance of</strong
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macropods and b<st
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^Lasiorhinus krefftii North
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Perceived threat Geopsittacus occid
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conservation areas. It is less clea
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Table 8 Rare species found in <stro
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Competition Several examples are re
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In truth, camels do substantial dam
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the Tanami. Buffal
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The situation today Buffalo numbers
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qualify under IUCN criteria as enda
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3.7.16 Goat (Capra hircus) Summary
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Drakonorchis drakeoides Hinged Drag
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3.7.19 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) Su
Page 52 and 53: Impacts Much is known about <strong
Page 54 and 55: Distribution Ostriches have won <st
Page 56 and 57: nest in tree hollows along
Page 58 and 59: Distribution The skylark is found i
Page 60 and 61: Distribution The blackbird is wides
Page 62 and 63: Land, and<
Page 64 and 65: have been translocated to o
Page 66 and 67: esources. Significant investment in
Page 68 and 69: many native species (Clarke et al.
Page 70 and 71: spread across the
Page 72 and 73: Section 4 Legislative framework 4.1
Page 74 and 75: protection, as long as it falls wit
Page 76 and 77: Native Vegetation Conservation Act
Page 78 and 79: ehabilitate existing native vegetat
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Page 82 and 83: al. 1986, 1987). The use of
Page 84 and 85: 5.1.4 Mustering Commercial musterin
Page 86 and 87: etal. (1997) found that many native
Page 88 and 89: the vaccine <stron
Page 90 and 91: Where possible, integration <strong
Page 92 and 93: strategy, relative cost-effectivene
Page 94 and 95: Fencing Feral buffalo have a reputa
Page 96 and 97: 5.3 Management of
Page 98 and 99: Summary of <strong
Page 100 and 101: time comes for the
Page 104 and 105: Individual tracking Tracking is a l
Page 106 and 107: SA - Currently cats are not widely
Page 108 and 109: Method of control
Page 110 and 111: Aerial shooting Aerial shooting can
Page 114 and 115: 80% of export was
Page 116 and 117: ensuring effective treatment <stron
Page 118 and 119: the lower cost, wi
Page 122 and 123: conservation value rathe</s
Page 124 and 125: effort on the cont
Page 128 and 129: follow transect lines, one kilometr
Page 130 and 131: as a refuge from predators. Removal
Page 134 and 135: was completed it was the</s
Page 136 and 137: warren structure amenable to recolo
Page 138 and 139: Poisons Traditionally, strychnine,
Page 140 and 141: infected and steri
Page 142 and 143: of high priority.
Page 144 and 145: Method of control
Page 148 and 149: technique can allow for cost-effect
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In South Australia, between 30 <str
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Summary of <strong
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% respondents 100% 90% 80% 70% 60%
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a) b) Figure 3. a) Extent o
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Figure 4 Response frequency for lik
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distribution of <s
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Section 7 Key problems and<
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• Goats degrading temperate woodl
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conservation problems in Europe <st
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message that camels are a valuable
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In the Koolatong R
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environmental degradation’ (Nor<s
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ecause dingo and d
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Various control methods have been a
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Pascale Taplin, an Indigenous L<str
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Lack of a Strategi
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eradicated after seeing the
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In some situations, payment <strong
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could have led to better protocols
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Game hunting is a growing business,
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Much as we might like it, t
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conservation outcome. In such a sit
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community consultation and<
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• Have the non-t
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provide opportunities for strategic
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Section 9 Priorities for investment
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contacted for exact locations <stro
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way. Achilles heel research should
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efficient in any given situation. R
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west Queensland re
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Crossland, MR, 199
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Forsyth, DM, and P
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Lange, RT, and Gra
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Morgan, LA and But
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Parkes, JP, 1990, Feral goat contro
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Van Rensberg, PJJ, Skinner, JD, <st
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Appendix A Ferals animals</
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Indigenous lands I
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Appendix B Stakeholder survey form
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222
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Appendix C Database on past NHT fun
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Lachlan Rehabilitation of</
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Northern Territory
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Cape York Ambiilmungu-Ngarra tradit
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Wet Tropics Expansion and</
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Avon Protecting and</strong
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