Review of the management of feral animals and their impact on ...

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% respondents 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Cats House mouse Wild dogs Rabbits Foxes Goats Horses Pigs Cattle Camels Starling Water Buffalo Cane Toad Donkeys Deer 148 Carp Common Mynah Frequency High <strong>impact</strong> Tilapia Ants Sparrow Bees Sheep Trout Redfin perch Wea<strong>the</strong>rloach Figure 2 Frequency <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> <strong>animals</strong> reported as a having a negative biodiversity <strong>impact</strong> <strong>and</strong> reported to have a high <strong>impact</strong>. The type <strong>of</strong> <strong>impact</strong> each species have is summarised in <strong>the</strong> Table 15. The values given indicate <strong>the</strong> percentage <strong>of</strong> survey respondents who recorded that type <strong>of</strong> <strong>impact</strong> in <strong>the</strong>ir region. More details can be seen under each species description. Table 15 Impacts <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> <strong>animals</strong> in Australian Rangel<strong>and</strong>s Predation Habitat destruction Resource competition Displacement Disease spread Feral pig 33% 52% 43% 29% 36% Wild dog 76% 5% 19% 29% 17% Feral cat 81% 7% 26% 52% 19% Foxes 69% 7% 21% 31% 26% Rabbit 7% 64% 60% 31% 14% House mouse 5% 17% 31% 33% 33% Feral camel 0% 38% 35% 17% 2% Feral goat 5% 60% 50% 36% 12% Feral horse 0% 52% 43% 31% 0% Feral cattle 0% 38% 40% 24% 10% Water buffalo 0% 17% 17% 12% 5% Deer 0% 10% 5% 0% 5% Cane toad 0% 0% 17% 14% 2% Common starling 0% 5% 14% 14% 2% Indian Mynah 0% 0% 5% 7% 0% Carp 7% 14% 14% 14% 5% Tilapia 5% 2% 2% 2% 2% Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> individual respondents did not know or did not include information on <strong>the</strong> threatened flora <strong>and</strong> fauna in <strong>the</strong>ir region. State agencies or NRM specialists typically included <strong>the</strong> numbers <strong>of</strong> threatened species in <strong>the</strong> region <strong>and</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r provided a list <strong>of</strong> species threatened by <strong>feral</strong> <strong>animals</strong> in <strong>the</strong> area, or a link to a reference covering <strong>the</strong> issue. Species that were reported as threatened by <strong>feral</strong> <strong>animals</strong> included:
Plants Thryptomene wittweri Conospermum toddii Eriocaulon carsonii Marieana rhorlachii Acacia carnei Acacia rhigiopylla Codonocarpus Hemichroa Acacia spilleriana pyramidalis Acacia wattsiana mesembryan<strong>the</strong>a Animals Bilby Brush tailed phascogale Thick billed grass-wren Marsupial mole Carpentarian antechinus Painted snipe Nor<strong>the</strong>rn hopping mouse Mulgara Plains w<strong>and</strong>erer Golden backed tree rat Carpet python. Night parrot S<strong>and</strong>hill dunnart Woma python Australian bustard Kowari Pigmy blue-tongue Crested shrike-tit Brush-tailed rabbit-rat Great Desert skink, Red goshawk Spectacled hare-wallaby Bronzeback snake-lizard Striated grass-wren Golden b<strong>and</strong>icoot Leichhardt’s grasshopper Black-eared miner Nor<strong>the</strong>rn quoll Malleefowl Chestnut quail-thrush Chuditch Yellow chat Emu Black-footed rock wallaby Carpentarian grass-wren The common denominator in answers regarding <strong>the</strong> <strong>impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> <strong>animals</strong> on regional biodiversity hotspots was that water courses sustain <strong>the</strong> greatest <strong>impact</strong>. Nearly all those who responded to <strong>the</strong> question commented on damage to waterholes or <strong>the</strong> associated riparian vegetation, particularly by <strong>feral</strong> pigs, <strong>feral</strong> camels <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r large herbivores. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong> managers <strong>and</strong> regional community groups indicated that <strong>the</strong>y were aware <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> main legislation governing <strong>feral</strong> animal <strong>management</strong> (e.g. EPBC Act), however most did not list <strong>and</strong> were presumably unawares <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r associated legislation (e.g. Wild dog Act in Queensl<strong>and</strong>). Many respondents were happy with <strong>the</strong> present legislation but want to see it more stringently enforced. It was suggested that <strong>the</strong> political will was not <strong>the</strong>re because stricter enforcement would require greater investment. Several private l<strong>and</strong> managers were quite scathing <strong>of</strong> current legislative requirements for <strong>feral</strong> animal <strong>management</strong> on crown l<strong>and</strong>s. They believed that regulations should be implemented to enforce higher levels <strong>of</strong> control on <strong>the</strong>se l<strong>and</strong>s by government departments. The issue <strong>of</strong> inconsistent status for pest species was also raised. For example, in Western Australia, goats are classified as a declared pest <strong>and</strong> domestic species at <strong>the</strong> same time, hindering <strong>the</strong>ir control. Whilst some are trying to rid <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong>ir property, o<strong>the</strong>rs are encouraging <strong>the</strong>ir numbers to increase or bringing <strong>the</strong>m into <strong>the</strong> region for stock, sometimes without <strong>the</strong> infrastructure to prevent <strong>the</strong>ir escape (S. Clarke CALM, pers. comm.) The most commonly used <strong>management</strong> techniques were baiting <strong>and</strong> poisoning, commercial harvesting <strong>and</strong> mustering <strong>and</strong> shooting (both ground <strong>and</strong> aerial). Of <strong>the</strong> available techniques, baiting <strong>and</strong> poisoning were rated as <strong>the</strong> most successful by far, followed in a distant second, by shooting (Figure 3). Many respondents indicated <strong>the</strong>y would like to see biocontrols developed for a greater range <strong>of</strong> species <strong>and</strong> more effective control techniques for large herbivores. 149
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Review of<
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Contributors Andrew Norris Pest Ani
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3.7.36 Common Myna (Acridot
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Table of figures F
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Section 2 Introduction Feral <stron
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Amanda Dimmock, QD
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Section 3 A status review o
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3.4 Birds Thirteen (or 14) species
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Information on the
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Summary A rodent that contributes t
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Dingoes can become a threat to wild
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The significance of</strong
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macropods and b<st
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^Lasiorhinus krefftii North
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Perceived threat Geopsittacus occid
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conservation areas. It is less clea
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Table 8 Rare species found in <stro
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Competition Several examples are re
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In truth, camels do substantial dam
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the Tanami. Buffal
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The situation today Buffalo numbers
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qualify under IUCN criteria as enda
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3.7.16 Goat (Capra hircus) Summary
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Drakonorchis drakeoides Hinged Drag
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3.7.19 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) Su
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Impacts Much is known about <strong
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Distribution Ostriches have won <st
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nest in tree hollows along
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Distribution The skylark is found i
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Distribution The blackbird is wides
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Land, and<
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have been translocated to o
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esources. Significant investment in
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many native species (Clarke et al.
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spread across the
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Section 4 Legislative framework 4.1
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protection, as long as it falls wit
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Native Vegetation Conservation Act
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ehabilitate existing native vegetat
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suppression, which is the</
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al. 1986, 1987). The use of
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5.1.4 Mustering Commercial musterin
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etal. (1997) found that many native
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the vaccine <stron
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Where possible, integration <strong
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strategy, relative cost-effectivene
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Fencing Feral buffalo have a reputa
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5.3 Management of
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Summary of <strong
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time comes for the
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Summary of <strong
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Individual tracking Tracking is a l
Page 106 and 107: SA - Currently cats are not widely
Page 108 and 109: Method of control
Page 110 and 111: Aerial shooting Aerial shooting can
Page 112 and 113: Summary of <strong
Page 114 and 115: 80% of export was
Page 116 and 117: ensuring effective treatment <stron
Page 118 and 119: the lower cost, wi
Page 120 and 121: 5.8 Management of
Page 122 and 123: conservation value rathe</s
Page 124 and 125: effort on the cont
Page 128 and 129: follow transect lines, one kilometr
Page 130 and 131: as a refuge from predators. Removal
Page 134 and 135: was completed it was the</s
Page 136 and 137: warren structure amenable to recolo
Page 138 and 139: Poisons Traditionally, strychnine,
Page 140 and 141: infected and steri
Page 142 and 143: of high priority.
Page 144 and 145: Method of control
Page 148 and 149: technique can allow for cost-effect
Page 152 and 153: In South Australia, between 30 <str
Page 158 and 159: a) b) Figure 3. a) Extent o
Page 160 and 161: Figure 4 Response frequency for lik
Page 162 and 163: distribution of <s
Page 164 and 165: Section 7 Key problems and<
Page 166 and 167: • Goats degrading temperate woodl
Page 168 and 169: conservation problems in Europe <st
Page 170 and 171: message that camels are a valuable
Page 172 and 173: In the Koolatong R
Page 174 and 175: environmental degradation’ (Nor<s
Page 176 and 177: ecause dingo and d
Page 178 and 179: Various control methods have been a
Page 180 and 181: Pascale Taplin, an Indigenous L<str
Page 182 and 183: Lack of a Strategi
Page 184 and 185: eradicated after seeing the
Page 186 and 187: In some situations, payment <strong
Page 188 and 189: could have led to better protocols
Page 190 and 191: Game hunting is a growing business,
Page 192 and 193: Much as we might like it, t
Page 194 and 195: conservation outcome. In such a sit
Page 196 and 197: community consultation and<
Page 198 and 199: • Have the non-t
Page 200 and 201: provide opportunities for strategic
Page 202 and 203: Section 9 Priorities for investment
Page 204 and 205: contacted for exact locations <stro
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way. Achilles heel research should
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efficient in any given situation. R
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west Queensland re
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Crossland, MR, 199
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Forsyth, DM, and P
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Lange, RT, and Gra
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Morgan, LA and But
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Parkes, JP, 1990, Feral goat contro
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Van Rensberg, PJJ, Skinner, JD, <st
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Appendix A Ferals animals</
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Indigenous lands I
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Appendix B Stakeholder survey form
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222
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224
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226
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Appendix C Database on past NHT fun
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Lachlan Rehabilitation of</
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Northern Territory
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Cape York Ambiilmungu-Ngarra tradit
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Wet Tropics Expansion and</
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Avon Protecting and</strong
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