Review of the management of feral animals and their impact on ...

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ehabilitate existing native vegetation, particularly where it has high conservation value. Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Territoy Territory Parks <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Conservation Act 2001 This Act provides for <strong>the</strong> <strong>management</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> <strong>animals</strong> in <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Territory. Feral <strong>animals</strong> must be managed so that <strong>the</strong>ir detrimental <strong>impact</strong>s on biodiversity, population size <strong>and</strong> extent <strong>of</strong> distribution are reduced. L<strong>and</strong> owners or occupiers are responsible for <strong>the</strong> <strong>management</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> <strong>animals</strong> on <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>and</strong>; however <strong>the</strong>y may receive assistance from <strong>the</strong> Parks <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Commission to assist <strong>the</strong>m filling <strong>the</strong>ir obligations. All vertebrate that are non-indigenous are declared prohibited entrants into <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Territory unless specified in <strong>the</strong> Regulations. Animal Welfare Act This Act requires that all <strong>animals</strong> are treated <strong>and</strong> controlled in a humane <strong>and</strong> ethical manner, regardless <strong>of</strong> status. Poisons <strong>and</strong> Dangerous Drugs Act This Act provides for <strong>the</strong> regulation <strong>of</strong> chemicals used in <strong>the</strong> control <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> species. Chemicals must be registered for use for each species to be targeted <strong>and</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> chemicals is to be restricted unless declared o<strong>the</strong>rwise. Western Australia Animal Welfare Act 2002 This Act requires that all <strong>animals</strong> are treated <strong>and</strong> controlled in a humane <strong>and</strong> ethical manner. Agriculture Protection Board Act 1950 This Act provides for <strong>the</strong> Agricultural Protection Board whose primary duties are to protect agricultural industries <strong>and</strong> regulate <strong>the</strong> supply <strong>of</strong> poisons for <strong>feral</strong> animal control use. Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Related Resources Protection Act 1976 The object <strong>of</strong> this Act is to protect primary industries <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> resources related to primary industries. Poisons Act 1964 This Act provides for <strong>the</strong> regulation <strong>of</strong> poisons <strong>and</strong> places restrictions on <strong>the</strong>ir use. Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> objects <strong>of</strong> this Act is <strong>the</strong> conservation <strong>of</strong> habitat, ecosystems <strong>and</strong> ecosystem processes, <strong>and</strong> biological diversity. The Act also provides for <strong>the</strong> declaration <strong>of</strong> protected species <strong>and</strong> key threatening processes. Biological Control Act 1986 This Act governs <strong>the</strong> release <strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> biological control agents in Western Australia. This Act has relevance to <strong>the</strong> rabbit myxomatosis <strong>and</strong> calicivirus as well as research into new biocontrols. Agricultural <strong>and</strong> Veterinary Chemicals (Western Australia) Act 1995 This Act provides for <strong>the</strong> regulation <strong>of</strong> chemicals used in <strong>the</strong> control <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> species. Chemicals must be registered for use for each species to be targeted <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> chemicals is restricted unless declared o<strong>the</strong>rwise. 70
4.3 Comments on current legislation • The current EPBC Act arrangements concerning <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> national threat abatement plans appear adequate <strong>and</strong> effective in developing <strong>the</strong> initial framework. However, listing <strong>of</strong> key threatening processes usually only occurs when a species is threatened with extinction <strong>and</strong> when action to reverse this may be costly or ineffective. As one NRM person described, “Shutting <strong>the</strong> gate after <strong>the</strong> horse has bolted”. The main focus generally appears to be on remnant populations <strong>and</strong> final extinction events. The long-term processes that have led to rarity <strong>and</strong> vulnerability in <strong>the</strong> first place seem to be given less countenance. Under <strong>the</strong> EPBC Act section 188(4), a process is eligible to be listed as a key threatening process if it may threaten biodiversity. This occurred with regards to <strong>the</strong> listing <strong>of</strong> Fire Ants as a KTP. There is a strong need for more attention to be paid to longterm threatening processes that may not <strong>impact</strong> upon threatened species. It would be beneficial if more threatening processes were recognised <strong>and</strong> listed prior to species becoming threatened. • Treat Abatement Plans (TAPs) under <strong>the</strong> EPBC Act provide a national plan, however <strong>the</strong>y are <strong>of</strong>ten not fully implemented. As more key threatening processes are listed it will be important to ensure <strong>the</strong>re is adequate funding to ensure TAPs are developed (as required) <strong>and</strong> implemented, including those for invasive species. • Introduced fish have been considered a major causal factor in <strong>the</strong> threatened status <strong>of</strong> 42 per cent <strong>of</strong> freshwater fish recovery plans. The majority <strong>of</strong> new freshwater pests are introduced through <strong>the</strong> ornamental fish trade (McNee 2002, Lintermans 2004). Fish are released into local waterways when owners no longer want <strong>the</strong>m. A recent review <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> aquarium fish industry has identified at least 1181 freshwater species have been recorded in Australia in <strong>the</strong> last 40 years (McNee 2002). Of <strong>the</strong>se only 481 species are currently listed as permitted imports, leaving 700 species known to have been or still present in <strong>the</strong> country. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se species may have been imported under previous legislative regimes. However, within <strong>the</strong> current permitted live import list <strong>the</strong>re are still fish species which have already established <strong>feral</strong> populations. • The inconsistent status <strong>of</strong> pest <strong>animals</strong> across Australia is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> key statutory <strong>and</strong> administrative arrangements that hinder effective <strong>management</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> threat posed by invasive species. The status <strong>of</strong> pest <strong>animals</strong> may vary between each State or Territory, even though <strong>the</strong> principals <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legislation utilised are usually fairly similar. For example, <strong>the</strong> legal status <strong>of</strong> goats varies across Australia. Commonwealth legislation identifies <strong>feral</strong> goats as contributing to a key threatening process. Queensl<strong>and</strong>, South Australia <strong>and</strong> Western Australia define <strong>feral</strong> goats as pests <strong>and</strong> prescribe actions to manage <strong>the</strong>m. O<strong>the</strong>r States <strong>and</strong> Territories do not define <strong>feral</strong> goats a class <strong>and</strong> do not prescribe particular action for l<strong>and</strong> managers. This lack <strong>of</strong> consistency in <strong>the</strong> legal definition <strong>of</strong> what constitutes a <strong>feral</strong> goat, <strong>and</strong> variation in <strong>the</strong> requirements imposed on l<strong>and</strong> managers, impede actions to ameliorate <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>impact</strong>s on endangered species. • States <strong>and</strong> Territories have some regulations that insist on continuous suppression <strong>and</strong> destruction wherever particular <strong>feral</strong> <strong>animals</strong> are found. In most instances <strong>the</strong>re appears to be have been little attempt to relate <strong>the</strong> costs <strong>of</strong> control to <strong>the</strong> benefits gained from lowered <strong>feral</strong> animal densities, placing an unrealistic expectation upon l<strong>and</strong> managers. Instead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> unachievable goal <strong>of</strong> eradication, <strong>the</strong> wording should be altered to promote strategic <strong>management</strong> for long-term 71
Page 1:
Review of<
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Contributors Andrew Norris Pest Ani
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3.7.36 Common Myna (Acridot
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Table of figures F
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Section 2 Introduction Feral <stron
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Amanda Dimmock, QD
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Section 3 A status review o
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3.4 Birds Thirteen (or 14) species
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Information on the
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Summary A rodent that contributes t
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Dingoes can become a threat to wild
Page 24 and 25:
The significance of</strong
Page 26 and 27:
macropods and b<st
Page 28 and 29: ^Lasiorhinus krefftii North
Page 30 and 31: Perceived threat Geopsittacus occid
Page 32 and 33: conservation areas. It is less clea
Page 34 and 35: Table 8 Rare species found in <stro
Page 36 and 37: Competition Several examples are re
Page 38 and 39: In truth, camels do substantial dam
Page 40 and 41: the Tanami. Buffal
Page 42 and 43: The situation today Buffalo numbers
Page 44 and 45: qualify under IUCN criteria as enda
Page 46 and 47: 3.7.16 Goat (Capra hircus) Summary
Page 48 and 49: Drakonorchis drakeoides Hinged Drag
Page 50 and 51: 3.7.19 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) Su
Page 52 and 53: Impacts Much is known about <strong
Page 54 and 55: Distribution Ostriches have won <st
Page 56 and 57: nest in tree hollows along
Page 58 and 59: Distribution The skylark is found i
Page 60 and 61: Distribution The blackbird is wides
Page 62 and 63: Land, and<
Page 64 and 65: have been translocated to o
Page 66 and 67: esources. Significant investment in
Page 68 and 69: many native species (Clarke et al.
Page 70 and 71: spread across the
Page 72 and 73: Section 4 Legislative framework 4.1
Page 74 and 75: protection, as long as it falls wit
Page 76 and 77: Native Vegetation Conservation Act
Page 80 and 81: suppression, which is the</
Page 82 and 83: al. 1986, 1987). The use of
Page 84 and 85: 5.1.4 Mustering Commercial musterin
Page 86 and 87: etal. (1997) found that many native
Page 88 and 89: the vaccine <stron
Page 90 and 91: Where possible, integration <strong
Page 92 and 93: strategy, relative cost-effectivene
Page 94 and 95: Fencing Feral buffalo have a reputa
Page 96 and 97: 5.3 Management of
Page 98 and 99: Summary of <strong
Page 100 and 101: time comes for the
Page 104 and 105: Individual tracking Tracking is a l
Page 106 and 107: SA - Currently cats are not widely
Page 108 and 109: Method of control
Page 110 and 111: Aerial shooting Aerial shooting can
Page 114 and 115: 80% of export was
Page 116 and 117: ensuring effective treatment <stron
Page 118 and 119: the lower cost, wi
Page 122 and 123: conservation value rathe</s
Page 124 and 125: effort on the cont
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follow transect lines, one kilometr
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as a refuge from predators. Removal
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Summary of <strong
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was completed it was the</s
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warren structure amenable to recolo
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Poisons Traditionally, strychnine,
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infected and steri
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of high priority.
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Method of control
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5.11 Management of
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technique can allow for cost-effect
Page 150 and 151:
Summary of <strong
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In South Australia, between 30 <str
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Summary of <strong
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% respondents 100% 90% 80% 70% 60%
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a) b) Figure 3. a) Extent o
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Figure 4 Response frequency for lik
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distribution of <s
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Section 7 Key problems and<
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• Goats degrading temperate woodl
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conservation problems in Europe <st
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message that camels are a valuable
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In the Koolatong R
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environmental degradation’ (Nor<s
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ecause dingo and d
Page 178 and 179:
Various control methods have been a
Page 180 and 181:
Pascale Taplin, an Indigenous L<str
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Lack of a Strategi
Page 184 and 185:
eradicated after seeing the
Page 186 and 187:
In some situations, payment <strong
Page 188 and 189:
could have led to better protocols
Page 190 and 191:
Game hunting is a growing business,
Page 192 and 193:
Much as we might like it, t
Page 194 and 195:
conservation outcome. In such a sit
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community consultation and<
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• Have the non-t
Page 200 and 201:
provide opportunities for strategic
Page 202 and 203:
Section 9 Priorities for investment
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contacted for exact locations <stro
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way. Achilles heel research should
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efficient in any given situation. R
Page 210 and 211:
west Queensland re
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Crossland, MR, 199
Page 214 and 215:
Forsyth, DM, and P
Page 216 and 217:
Lange, RT, and Gra
Page 218 and 219:
Morgan, LA and But
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Parkes, JP, 1990, Feral goat contro
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Van Rensberg, PJJ, Skinner, JD, <st
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Appendix A Ferals animals</
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Indigenous lands I
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Appendix B Stakeholder survey form
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222
Page 232 and 233:
224
Page 234 and 235:
226
Page 236 and 237:
Appendix C Database on past NHT fun
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Lachlan Rehabilitation of</
Page 240 and 241:
Northern Territory
Page 242 and 243:
Cape York Ambiilmungu-Ngarra tradit
Page 244 and 245:
Wet Tropics Expansion and</
Page 246 and 247:
Avon Protecting and</strong
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