Review of the management of feral animals and their impact on ...

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Fencing Feral buffalo have a reputation for breaking conventional fences. The tendency is to go through or under, ra<strong>the</strong>r than over <strong>the</strong> obstacle. Electric fencing has been used to successfully exclude <strong>feral</strong> buffalo in parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Territory, however environmental conditions, such as flooding, may quickly damage or destroy such fences. They are really only practical for use as a short term control option. Judas buffalo The gregarious nature <strong>of</strong> buffalo lend <strong>the</strong>m to being ideal c<strong>and</strong>idates for <strong>the</strong> ‘Judas’ approach. Captured <strong>animals</strong> can be fitted with robust radio-collars <strong>and</strong> released. The animal <strong>the</strong>n rejoins <strong>the</strong> herd with <strong>the</strong> radio-collar highlighting <strong>the</strong>ir location. This may be a useful follow-up strategy after mustering <strong>and</strong> aerial culling, to detect <strong>and</strong> destroy small remnant herds in highly valued conservation areas. Biological control One possibility for biological control is <strong>the</strong> introduction <strong>of</strong> a round worm that is known to destroy up to 30 percent <strong>of</strong> new buffalo calves in Asia. The worm is passed from <strong>the</strong> mo<strong>the</strong>r to <strong>the</strong> calf via her milk <strong>and</strong> resides in <strong>the</strong> calf’s intestine causing disturbances, which in severe cases result in death. The worm is already present in <strong>the</strong> cattle population in New South Wales, but is not known if this would be an effective means <strong>of</strong> buffalo control for <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Territory (Freel<strong>and</strong> 1992). Current control efforts NT - Little <strong>management</strong> effort is currently invested in buffalo. In national parks aerial culling occasionally occurs when numbers are high, however little <strong>of</strong>f-reserve control occurs. Most <strong>of</strong>f-reserve control is based on problem animal <strong>management</strong> <strong>and</strong> is conducted by <strong>the</strong> Parks <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Comission at <strong>the</strong> bequest <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> managers. Small scale commercial mustering <strong>and</strong> safari hunting both occur in <strong>the</strong> Arnhem L<strong>and</strong> region. QLD - Currently no control occurs WA - Currently no control occurs except for <strong>the</strong> shooting <strong>of</strong> an occasional problem animal Management <strong>of</strong> buffalo in <strong>the</strong> Rangel<strong>and</strong>s Water buffalo numbers are rising rapidly following <strong>the</strong> BTEC cull in <strong>the</strong> 1980s <strong>and</strong> this is a matter <strong>of</strong> grave concern (see Section 6). Management actions should be applied now to maintain low buffalo densities, instead <strong>of</strong> waiting until numbers rise <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cost <strong>of</strong> control increases substantially. Aerial culling is by far <strong>the</strong> most effective method to control <strong>the</strong> buffalo in remote regions. Mustering could be used prior to culling in more accessible areas to help partially <strong>of</strong>fset <strong>the</strong> control costs. Judas buffalo could be used to help locate herds <strong>and</strong> reduce searching times from helicopters. 86
Summary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> effectiveness <strong>of</strong> <strong>feral</strong> buffalo control methods Method <strong>of</strong> control Hunting <strong>and</strong> harvesting Aerial shooting High Ground shooting <strong>and</strong> recreational hunting Efficacy Control method efficiency Moderate High Low Judas buffalo High Fencing High High Target specificity High High Logistical practicalities Low to moderate Overall effectiveness 87 Advantages <strong>of</strong> method Disadvantages <strong>of</strong> method Low Sale <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> <strong>of</strong>fsets costs <strong>of</strong> control Incentive for control High High Allows broad-scale control over remote, difficult to access areas. Unknown High Low Low Target specific control Income from recreational hunters Low Low High Unknown Biological control Unknown Unknown Unknown Low Moderate Low Moderate Allows targeted control <strong>of</strong> small residual populations <strong>of</strong> buffaloes <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> remote herds Allows excellent protection <strong>of</strong> small areas <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> High Unknown Unknown, but possibly low cost implementation through selfdissemination. Not possible in inaccessible or remote locations Small <strong>impact</strong> on population Not applicable to all habitats <strong>and</strong> particularly expensive at low <strong>feral</strong> buffalo densities. Difficult in remote areas, difficult to locate buffaloes Confined to easily accessible locations Low removal rate Expensive <strong>and</strong> requires a high level <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>iciency. Not applicable at high populations densities. Requires continuing maintenance <strong>and</strong> cannot be applied across large remote areas Impact on commercial buffalo industry especially export market
Page 1:
Review of<
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Contributors Andrew Norris Pest Ani
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3.7.36 Common Myna (Acridot
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Table of figures F
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Section 2 Introduction Feral <stron
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Amanda Dimmock, QD
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Section 3 A status review o
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3.4 Birds Thirteen (or 14) species
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Information on the
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Summary A rodent that contributes t
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Dingoes can become a threat to wild
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The significance of</strong
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macropods and b<st
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^Lasiorhinus krefftii North
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Perceived threat Geopsittacus occid
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conservation areas. It is less clea
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Table 8 Rare species found in <stro
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Competition Several examples are re
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In truth, camels do substantial dam
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the Tanami. Buffal
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The situation today Buffalo numbers
Page 44 and 45: qualify under IUCN criteria as enda
Page 46 and 47: 3.7.16 Goat (Capra hircus) Summary
Page 48 and 49: Drakonorchis drakeoides Hinged Drag
Page 50 and 51: 3.7.19 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) Su
Page 52 and 53: Impacts Much is known about <strong
Page 54 and 55: Distribution Ostriches have won <st
Page 56 and 57: nest in tree hollows along
Page 58 and 59: Distribution The skylark is found i
Page 60 and 61: Distribution The blackbird is wides
Page 62 and 63: Land, and<
Page 64 and 65: have been translocated to o
Page 66 and 67: esources. Significant investment in
Page 68 and 69: many native species (Clarke et al.
Page 70 and 71: spread across the
Page 72 and 73: Section 4 Legislative framework 4.1
Page 74 and 75: protection, as long as it falls wit
Page 76 and 77: Native Vegetation Conservation Act
Page 78 and 79: ehabilitate existing native vegetat
Page 80 and 81: suppression, which is the</
Page 82 and 83: al. 1986, 1987). The use of
Page 84 and 85: 5.1.4 Mustering Commercial musterin
Page 86 and 87: etal. (1997) found that many native
Page 88 and 89: the vaccine <stron
Page 90 and 91: Where possible, integration <strong
Page 92 and 93: strategy, relative cost-effectivene
Page 96 and 97: 5.3 Management of
Page 98 and 99: Summary of <strong
Page 100 and 101: time comes for the
Page 104 and 105: Individual tracking Tracking is a l
Page 106 and 107: SA - Currently cats are not widely
Page 108 and 109: Method of control
Page 110 and 111: Aerial shooting Aerial shooting can
Page 114 and 115: 80% of export was
Page 116 and 117: ensuring effective treatment <stron
Page 118 and 119: the lower cost, wi
Page 122 and 123: conservation value rathe</s
Page 124 and 125: effort on the cont
Page 128 and 129: follow transect lines, one kilometr
Page 130 and 131: as a refuge from predators. Removal
Page 134 and 135: was completed it was the</s
Page 136 and 137: warren structure amenable to recolo
Page 138 and 139: Poisons Traditionally, strychnine,
Page 140 and 141: infected and steri
Page 142 and 143: of high priority.
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Method of control
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5.11 Management of
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technique can allow for cost-effect
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Summary of <strong
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In South Australia, between 30 <str
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Summary of <strong
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% respondents 100% 90% 80% 70% 60%
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a) b) Figure 3. a) Extent o
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Figure 4 Response frequency for lik
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distribution of <s
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Section 7 Key problems and<
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• Goats degrading temperate woodl
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conservation problems in Europe <st
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message that camels are a valuable
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In the Koolatong R
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environmental degradation’ (Nor<s
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ecause dingo and d
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Various control methods have been a
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Pascale Taplin, an Indigenous L<str
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Lack of a Strategi
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eradicated after seeing the
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In some situations, payment <strong
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could have led to better protocols
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Game hunting is a growing business,
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Much as we might like it, t
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conservation outcome. In such a sit
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community consultation and<
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• Have the non-t
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provide opportunities for strategic
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Section 9 Priorities for investment
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contacted for exact locations <stro
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way. Achilles heel research should
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efficient in any given situation. R
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west Queensland re
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Crossland, MR, 199
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Forsyth, DM, and P
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Lange, RT, and Gra
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Morgan, LA and But
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Parkes, JP, 1990, Feral goat contro
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Van Rensberg, PJJ, Skinner, JD, <st
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Appendix A Ferals animals</
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Indigenous lands I
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Appendix B Stakeholder survey form
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222
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224
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226
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Appendix C Database on past NHT fun
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Lachlan Rehabilitation of</
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Northern Territory
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Cape York Ambiilmungu-Ngarra tradit
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Wet Tropics Expansion and</
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Avon Protecting and</strong
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