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8 S. J. Harrison Swansea, possibly the strongest this Century. There was widespread wind damage in Devon. • Snowstorms 18/19th January – heavy snow fell throughout northern Scotland and many roads were blocked. Aberdeen and Kirkwall Airports were closed for a short time and power lines on Orkney were brought down. • Late snowfall March 1st to 8th – Arctic air brought heavy snow to northern Scotland again. In Aviemore 21 cm of snow lay on the 2nd. At Carnbo (Kinross-shire) there were six falls of snow over the first two weeks of March, reaching a maximum depth of 11 cm The Boxing Day storm A storm hit Scotland late on Saturday December 26th and resulted in widespread structural damage, to buildings and a large number of mature trees. An intense low pressure passed to the north-west of Scotland which brought winds gusting to more than 100 mph (hurricane force) in some exposed locations, although gusts inland were of the order of 70 mph. The track and timing of the storm had been forecast by the Meteorological Office, who had issued severe weather warnings more than 24 hours beforehand. Pressure began to fall during Boxing Day and was falling rapidly by the afternoon. Most of the rain fell as the depression approached and had died away by the early hours of the 27th. The wind strength increased steadily and reached its peak in the wake of the depression. Between 23.00 and 23.30 h the average wind speed was 40 mph with gusts approaching 70 mph. Gusts, which are the damaging feature of strong winds, were in excess of gale force (39 mph or more) for 15 hours. The wind observations used in the profile of the storm (Figure 3) were made at the newly established Flanders Moss weather station which is in a very exposed location, largely unsheltered by local buildings or vegetation. The summer of 1998 Using the summer quality index developed at the University of Stirling, the summer of 1998 can be classified as ‘poor’. The index value of –1.37 is the poorest since the summer of 1988 (–2.50). Over Scotland as a whole there is some evidence of a long-term upward drift in the quality of summers, expressed in terms of daytime temperatures and lack of rainfall. However, it must be borne in mind that in any such trend there will always be the occasional reversal, which was the case in 1998. Index Values of Summers in Stirling 1988 –2.50 Very poor 1989 1.08 Good 1990 0.79 Above average
1991 –0.98 Below average 1992 –1.04 Poor 1993 –0.85 Below average 1994 –0.54 Below average 1995 3.48 Exceptionally good 1996 1.42 Good 1997 2.06 Very good 1998 –1.37 Poor Weather 1998 9 Temperature indices Dr John Harrison has been awarded a contract, in collaboration with the University of Edinburgh, to develop a new temperature index which will play a central part in the assessment of the impacts of climatic change in Scotland. The work, which is funded by SNIFFER and managed by the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency will devise a new index along the lines of the Central England Temperature (CET) which is quoted widely as an indicator of ongoing global warming. When developed, the index will be updated regularly and will be available on the Internet. Climatic change and winter heating requirements An analysis is currently under way which converts the temperature observations taken at the University’s climatological station (Parkhead) into ‘heating day-degrees’ below a fixed threshold. This is used widely in the management of heating requirements within buildings. The principal objective of the research is to assess what impacts recent climatic changes may have had on the energy requirements for the heating of buildings. Flanders Moss (West Moss-Side) weather station The establishment of this station supports the research into topoclimates currently being undertaken by Dr Harrison but is also the first phase of the development of a field site which can provide basic training to students in meteorological and hydrological observation practices. The excellent exposure of the site and its proximity to sites of ecological and conservation interests have already generated a demand for the data. The site is fully automated with intermittent manual back-up. A Davis automatic weather station and Grant Squirrel logger provide readings of wind speed and direction, ground surface temperature, and rainfall, plus air (wet and dry bulb), surface and soil temperature. A gauging station on the nearby Goodie Water will be installed during 1999 to monitor river discharges, which are partly tidal. The University acknowledges with gratitude the cooperation of Kate and Steve Sankey, owners of West Moss-Side, who have provided the site and access to it.
Page 1 and 2: Volume 22 the Forth Naturalist and
Page 3 and 4: THE WEATHER OF 1998 S. J. Harrison
Page 5 and 6: Weather 1998 5 May Warm and mostly
Page 7: especially over the Carse. Although
Page 11 and 12: Weather 1998 11 Figure 1 Monthly ai
Page 13 and 14: Weather 1998 13 Figure 3 Profile of
Page 15 and 16: Forth Naturalist and Historian, vol
Page 17 and 18: efore, but we have produced for the
Page 19 and 20: Bird Report 1998 19 Month 1996/7 19
Page 21 and 22: Bird Report 1998 21 BLACK-THROATED
Page 23 and 24: Bird Report 1998 23 over Stirling a
Page 25 and 26: Bird Report 1998 25 C 2 Gartmorn 15
Page 27 and 28: Bird Report 1998 27 1 L.Dochart 29
Page 29 and 30: Bird Report 1998 29 Dunmore 18 Oct
Page 31 and 32: Bird Report 1998 31 REDSHANK Tringa
Page 33 and 34: Bird Report 1998 33 WOODPIGEON Colu
Page 35 and 36: Bird Report 1998 35 S 20 Killin 2 A
Page 37 and 38: Bird Report 1998 37 F 63 Falkirk 28
Page 39 and 40: Bird Report 1998 39 GREAT GREY SHRI
Page 41 and 42: Bird Report 1998 41 LINNET Cardueli
Page 47 and 48: Wallacebank Wood 47 Before work on
Page 49 and 50: Wallacebank Wood 49 Breeding birds
Page 51 and 52: Appendix SCOTTISH WILDLIFE TRUST FA
Page 53 and 54: Hedge Woundwort Stachys sylvatica L
Page 57 and 58: Dragonflies of the Forth Area 57 at
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Figure 1. Sympetrum striolatum (Com
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Forth Naturalist and Historian, vol
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Falkirk District Plants 63 Poa subc
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Falkirk District Plants 65 Petasite
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Brambles of the Trossachs and Stirl
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Series RADULAE R. radula Weihe: As
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Wallace Oak: Supplement 81 1771 The
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Wallace Oak: Supplement 83 the boxe
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Wallace Oak: Supplement 85 1814 At
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1866 “Captain Stobo MP is to send
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Wallace Oak: Supplement 89 of a ‘
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Appendix Wallace Oak: Supplement 91
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grass as the tenants preferred. The
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Sir George Harvey 99 It was through
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Sir George Harvey 101 Harvey and ot
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Sir George Harvey 103 Figure 5 Fami
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Figure 10 Boy Restraining Dog - Qua
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Sheriffmuir Atlantic Wall 109 lengt
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Sheriffmuir Atlantic Wall 111 assoc
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Sheriffmuir Atlantic Wall 113 Figur
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Sheriffmuir Atlantic Wall 115 Figur
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Stirling, 70 years ago 119 the pend
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Stirling, 70 years ago 121 quality
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Stirling, 70 years ago 123 restrict
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Stirling, 70 years ago 125 Riversid
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Stirling, 70 years ago 127 in my ea
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executed at the Old Bridge or the C
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Stirling, 70 years ago 131 high bus
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Bridges of the Forth 135 All of thi
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Bridges of the Forth 137 Elegant as
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Bridges of the Forth 139 passed by
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Bridges of the Forth 141 an ordinar
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Bridges of the Forth 143 been incor
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Bridges of the Forth 145 Editorial
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Braco: Ardoch Bridge Knaik NN 837 0
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Forth Figure 5 Alloa Rail - after
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Figure 13 Old Bridge, Callander. Te
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Figure 18 Bridge of Devon, Tullibod
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