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478 Targeted learningmemory challenges, so that our methods can be implemented and made accessibleto the actual users, but simultaneously we need to stick to our identityas statisticians as part of collaborative highly interdisciplinary teams, pushingforward the development of optimal statistical procedures and correspondingstatistical inference to answer the questions of interest. The statistician is fulfillingan absolute crucial role in the design of the experiments, the statisticaland causal formulation of the question of interest, the estimation procedureand thereby the design of the software, the development of valid statisticaltools for statistical inference, and benchmarking these statistical methodswith respect to statistical performance (van der Laan and Rose, 2010).ReferencesAndersen, P., Borgan, O., Gill, R.D., and Keiding, N. (1993). StatisticalModels Based on Counting Processes. Springer,NewYork.Bickel, P.J., Klaassen, C.A.J., Ritov, Y., and Wellner, J.A. (1997). Efficientand Adaptive Estimation for Semiparametric Models.Springer,NewYork.Chambaz, A. and van der Laan, M. (2010). Targeting the Optimal Designin Randomized Clinical Trials with Binary Outcomes and no Covariate.Technical Report 258, Division of Biostatistics, University of California,Berkeley, CA.Chambaz, A. and van der Laan, M. (2011a). Targeting the optimal design inrandomized clinical trials with binary outcomes and no covariate, simulationstudy. International Journal of Biostatistics, 7:1–30.Chambaz, A. and van der Laan, M. (2011b). Targeting the optimal designin randomized clinical trials with binary outcomes and no covariate, theoreticalstudy. International Journal of Biostatistics, 7:1–32.Diaz, I. and van der Laan, M. (2012). Sensitivity Analysis for Causal InferenceUnder Unmeasured Confounding and Measurement Error Problem.Technical Report 303, Division of Biostatistics, University of California,Berkeley, CA.Gill, R.D., van der Laan, M., and Wellner, J.A. (1995). Inefficient estimatorsof the bivariate survival function for three models. Annales de l’InstitutHenri Poincaré: Probabilités et Statistiques, 31:545–597.Györfi, L., Kohler, M., Krzyżak, A., and Walk, H. (2002). A Distribution-freeTheory of Nonparametric Regression. Springer,NewYork.Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference, 2nd edition.Cambridge University Press, New York.