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loss of labour force productivity. Cost-benefit Analysis raises questions about theproductivity and health costs involved and attempts to measure the costs and benefitsfrom actions.• Impacts on rivers near the city. Cities without access to on-site or off-site sewagedisposal infrastructure opt to channel sewage to rivers and lakes to dilute the waste andcarry it outside the immediate living environment and often away from the area ofresponsibility of the local municipal authorities. The degradation of river water qualityessentially degrades valuable water resources on which several neighbouring anddownstream communities draw their water for domestic and agricultural use. As above,Cost-Benefit Analysis demonstrates the need to assess and measure the costs ofpolluted rivers and the benefits of taking action.• Impacts on the marine environment. The coastal and marine environment, being theultimate recipient of all wastes, is a development resource for tourism, fisheries andrecreation. The effects of degradation undermine income opportunities and food supply,but the extent of the impacts is often under-estimated when the full damage is not costestimated.It is often assumed that seas could easily dilute wastewater. However, only theorganic oxygen-consuming substances can benefit to some extent from such dilution.Most other pollutants, such as pathogens, nutrients and toxic materials eventually remainin this ultimate sink. Likewise, Cost-Benefit Analysis seeks to incorporate measurementmethods to estimate a large part of the extent of environmental damage to be included inthe future benefits of sustainable coastal management.Final Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 200014
CHAPTER 2. COST- BENEFIT CASE STUDIES2.1 MOMBASA CASE STUDY2.1.1 IntroductionThe District of Mombasa covers a total of 282 sq. km, 65 sq. km of which is open water. It isthe smallest among the seven districts that constitute the Coast Province of Kenya. TheDistrict is further divided into the 4 administrative Divisions of Mombasa Island, Likoni, Kisauniand Changamwe. The Island Division is the smallest, but the most built up. It is a port town ofnational and international significance, a center for tourism, maritime commerce and largeindustrial establishments. It also houses large human settlements. The other remainingdivisions are rural in characteristics.Table 1: Area of the District by DivisionDivisionArea in Sq. Km.Mombasa Island13Kisauni100Likoni48Changamwe49Total 210Source: Government of Kenya, Mombasa District Development Plan 1997-2001Population. The population of Mombasa according to the 1999 Population Census is653,000 persons. The population distribution figures by Divisions are not yet available and aretherefore estimated according to the 1989 Census as shown in the table below.Table 2: Population Distribution and Density (persons/km. sq.)Division Population Population DensityMombasa IslandKisauniLikoniChangamwe180,30021800095,400159,30013869218019883251Total 653,000 Average 3,111Source: Government of Kenya, Population Census 1989 and 1999Population growth. The District population growth rate is 4% per annum; rural migration oflabour force for urban employment is the main cause of growth. Mombasa Island and townhave the highest density of population and a concentration of squatter settlements.Changamwe Division also attracts migrant population because of the concentration ofindustrial establishments.Employment. The main source of household income in Mombasa District derives from"informal sector wage employment comprising petty businesses, such as street trading, watervending, hawking, small food, fuel wood and charcoal kiosks, second-hand cloths shops andrepair workshops. These activities are mainly concentrated in the town of Mombasa. Sincethe 1992 there has been a rapid growth of “informal sector” activities under the under thestrain of public sector retrenchments and structural adjustment economic measures.Average Income. Analysis of household income for the Coastal Province of the District for1994 shows that Mombasa had the highest household per capita income of Kenya of K.Sh.57,000 (about 750 US$), mainly from tourism and related urban wage jobs. High income isconcentrated in a small proportion of the urban population while in the rural areas of theDistrict poverty is widespread. Overall, 57% of the population live in poverty.Final Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 200015
Page 2 and 3: TABLE OF CONTENTSPageTable of Conte
Page 4 and 5: The Report includes four Annexes wi
Page 6 and 7: 4.2 Programme ObjectivesTo facilita
Page 8 and 9: TERMS OF REFERENCEThis Report has b
Page 10 and 11: CHAPTER 1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND EN
Page 12 and 13: aesthetic and recreational value, i
Page 14 and 15: marginal benefit of pollution reduc
Page 18 and 19: Population connected to sewerage in
Page 20 and 21: Threats to the Coastal and Marine E
Page 22 and 23: fall disposal in deep sea at Kilind
Page 24 and 25: There are three main categories of
Page 26 and 27: Child mortality, and death in gener
Page 28 and 29: 6. Estimated Annual Cost of Environ
Page 30 and 31: 2.2 DAR ES SALAAM CASE STUDY2.2.1 I
Page 32 and 33: Dissolved solids 83,940 45,280 9,83
Page 34 and 35: 4. Institutional Capacity Building
Page 36 and 37: Table 8: Classification of ValuesTy
Page 38 and 39: infrastructure. As shown above, the
Page 40 and 41: 6. MangrovesMangroves are an exampl
Page 42 and 43: • The total cost in column (3) is
Page 44 and 45: 2.3 BEAU VALLON (SEYCHELLES) CASE-S
Page 46 and 47: In the marsh areas, various species
Page 48 and 49: Dissolved inorganic nitrogen: The t
Page 50 and 51: TourismSeychelles• Number of tour
Page 52 and 53: lossesHuman Health Indicator: Treat
Page 54 and 55: Dose-response data are not availabl
Page 56 and 57: Table 13: Estimated Potential Annua
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 3. ACTION PROGRAMME INPUTS3
Page 60 and 61: Property impacts are widely known t
Page 62 and 63: 3. Wastewater Treatment in Ismailia
Page 64 and 65: • Health costs• tourism income
Page 66 and 67:
Annex IRegional OverviewThe Western
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• Degradation of coastal and mari
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• Resource over-exploitation• S
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Annex IIMombasa Regional and City P
Page 74 and 75:
Population covered by sewerage infr
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Source: Mwaguni & Munga 1997Sewage
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1628 people tested positive for cho
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Annex IIIDar-es-Salaam Regional and
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are extensively exploited by small-
Page 84 and 85:
Solid wastes. It is estimated that
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Pollution load to surface water res
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Mtoni and Pugu. Existing lakes incl
Page 90 and 91:
Annex IVSeychelles (Beau Valon Area
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labour force generating the major p
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Vacoa Village ST Algal growth Water
Page 96 and 97:
sea grass beds are able to soak up
Page 98 and 99:
Sewerage ManagementSewerage managem
Page 101 and 102:
REFERENCESA. Background Regional En
Page 103 and 104:
7 GOK 1997: Mombasa District Fisher
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