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sea grass beds are able to soak up nutrient influxes from the coast and therefore provide aline of protection for the coral reef (SETOI, 1990).The release of polluted water as a result of houses, hotels and stock raising farms mayinduce acute toxicity to the hard coral species resulting in bleaching and a shift in the coralreef ecology making conditions more favourable to soft coral species. Steadily the fastgrowing soft corals enter in competition with the slow growing hard ones that are very sooncovered and killed by the blanket of soft corals.ImpactsHealth and sewageThe problem of sewerage and the human health impacts resulting from inadequate disposalmethods is a multi-sectoral problem in Seychelles. Increasing affluence in Seychelles and theexpansion of the middle class population have resulted in conversions of former plantationsand even hilly areas into housing estates and dispersed residential units. Although theproblems of sewerage have been recognised by planners, the problems of disposal havegrown. In addition, all the construction activity in particular on hilly slopes results in majorerosion of red earth. The result is that when major rains occur heavy sediment loads andother associated contaminants such as nutrients and bacteria associated with wastewater areflushed into the sea. This runoff may be a significant public health risk in the future.Up to now, there is little evidence of medical problems associated with contamination due tosewage in the Beau Vallon area.Water-borne diseasesWater-borne diseases from contamination is not a major issue compared to other countries inthe region. However, there are still ongoing problems with certain intestinal parasites. Duringthe 1990-2000 period the Ministry of Health implemented a programme, sponsored by WHO,on intestinal parasite control in school children. The programme has also sensitised childrenon habits of personal hygiene and the level of parasites has decreased significantly in thatage group.Potable waterWith continued improvement in piped water supply coverage, there has been a noticeablereduction in the use of streams and rivers as water sources for drinking. However,contamination of water sources continues. Potable water sources or the Beau Vallon areacome from the Rhodas and Le Niol rivers. The surface water at the inlet of both Rodhas andLa Niol Rivers have been found to be polluted from non-point sources such as householdseptic tanks. The sources of such pollution are undoubtedly associated with humansettlements further upstream. The water quality immediately downstream from the Le NiolWater Treatment works which treats water from these two rivers, is virtually the same.However, as the river passes human settlements and farms on its way to the sea the pollutionload increases (Shah, 1997). The figure below illustrates the water quality of these rivers.Water Quality of surface river water at Le Niol Treatment Works inletAnalysis Rodhas River Le Niol RiverPhysicalAppearance Clear ClearColour (Hazen) 0-15 5-100Turbidity (NTU) 0.5-5 0.5-5Conductivity (µs/cm 20-100 20-100Total Solids (mg/L) 30-150 50-300BacteriologicalTotal Coliforms (CFU/100ml at 35°C) 10-200 10-200E.coli (CFU/100ml@44.5°C) 10-200 10-100Faecal streptococci (CFU/100ml@35°C) 5-30 5-20Source: PUC, 1998Final Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 200094
A Project funded by the European Union in 1997 has resulted in rehabilitation of the existingLe Niol Water Treatment Works. This has resulted in significant reduction in post-filteredwater by reduction of the high turbidity raw water. A great health benefit is therefore nowavailable to all the residents in the entire Beau Vallon area. Throughout the year cleardrinkable water is now available to all those residents and the hotels and guesthouses inthese districts. This clear water also avoids the need for these residents to boil waterparticularly during the rainy season. Prior to the refurbishment works, during the rainy seasonthe piped water was noticeably red in colour owing to this high turbidity and the inadequacy ofthe plant to remove it. The occurrence of water borne diseases may have been higher inthese conditions (Shah, 1997).Land contaminationContamination of land and losses in economic production is not an issue in Seychelles.Fisheries issuesContamination of shellfish and fish owing to sewerage is still not an issue and there has beenno known <strong>case</strong> of shellfish poisoning due to sewage-related contamination. Nevertheless, thethreat looms on the horizon, especially if efforts are not made to reverse current trends incoastal pollution.Pollution ControlInstitutions and LegislationThe Ministry of Environment through its Environmental Assessment and Pollution ControlDivision is primarily responsible for control of pollution in Seychelles. The Division iscomposed of specialized technical officers such as biochemists as well as tertiary level staffsuch as Inspectors. The management of solid waste is the responsibility of the Solid Wasteand Cleaning Agency (SWAC). The Public Utilities Co. is responsible for sewerage collectionand disposal. The Seychelles Bureau of Standards is mandated to develop environmentalstandards. In addition, it operates the national environmental laboratory. The Ministry ofTourism and Transport is responsible for tourism development and land and sea transport.The Ports and Marine Services Division of the Ministry of Tourism and Transport isresponsible for marine pollution from ships and in the harbour. The Seychelles Coast Guard isresponsible for the Oil Spill Contingency Plan. The following table describes the principallegislation governing pollution control in coastal and marine areas.Principal legislative instruments for control of pollution in coastal and marine areasPublic Utilities Corporation (Sewerage) Provides authority for managing sewerage controlRegulations (SI 9 of 1987)and treatmentNational Parks and Nature ConservancyAct Chap 141.Provides authority for protected areas includingpollution control.Environment Protection (Standard Sets standards for water and air quality.Regulations 1995)Environment Protection Act, 1994 Defines activities for coastal management,Environmental Impact Assessment, and pollutioncontrolEnvironment Protection (Impact Lists protected areas, which need authorisation forAssessment) Regulations 1996any project or activity.the Derelict Motor Vehicles (Disposal) Act Controls the disposal of cars and other vehicles(18 1972)Merchant shipping (oil Pollution) SeychellesOrder 1975Restricts and demarcates liability for oil pollutiondamageMarine Pollution Regulations (SI 51 of 1981) Provides power to the Harbour Master to controldischarges from shipsDumping at Sea Act (Overseas Territories) Prevents dumping of waste at sea.Order (SI 36 of 1976).Source: Shah, 1997The principal enforcement agency for all laws is the Police. In general in the past enforcementcapabilities by the Police have been severely lacking. The Ministry of Environment and theSWAC have recently taken a stronger stance towards polluters and it was recentlyannounced that violators will be taken to court and strongest penalties will be applied.Final Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 200095
Page 2 and 3:
TABLE OF CONTENTSPageTable of Conte
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The Report includes four Annexes wi
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4.2 Programme ObjectivesTo facilita
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TERMS OF REFERENCEThis Report has b
Page 10 and 11:
CHAPTER 1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND EN
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aesthetic and recreational value, i
Page 14 and 15:
marginal benefit of pollution reduc
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loss of labour force productivity.
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Population connected to sewerage in
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Threats to the Coastal and Marine E
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fall disposal in deep sea at Kilind
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There are three main categories of
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Child mortality, and death in gener
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6. Estimated Annual Cost of Environ
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2.2 DAR ES SALAAM CASE STUDY2.2.1 I
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Dissolved solids 83,940 45,280 9,83
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4. Institutional Capacity Building
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Table 8: Classification of ValuesTy
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infrastructure. As shown above, the
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6. MangrovesMangroves are an exampl
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• The total cost in column (3) is
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2.3 BEAU VALLON (SEYCHELLES) CASE-S
Page 46 and 47: In the marsh areas, various species
Page 48 and 49: Dissolved inorganic nitrogen: The t
Page 50 and 51: TourismSeychelles• Number of tour
Page 52 and 53: lossesHuman Health Indicator: Treat
Page 54 and 55: Dose-response data are not availabl
Page 56 and 57: Table 13: Estimated Potential Annua
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 3. ACTION PROGRAMME INPUTS3
Page 60 and 61: Property impacts are widely known t
Page 62 and 63: 3. Wastewater Treatment in Ismailia
Page 64 and 65: • Health costs• tourism income
Page 66 and 67: Annex IRegional OverviewThe Western
Page 68 and 69: • Degradation of coastal and mari
Page 70 and 71: • Resource over-exploitation• S
Page 72 and 73: Annex IIMombasa Regional and City P
Page 74 and 75: Population covered by sewerage infr
Page 76 and 77: Source: Mwaguni & Munga 1997Sewage
Page 78 and 79: 1628 people tested positive for cho
Page 80 and 81: Annex IIIDar-es-Salaam Regional and
Page 82 and 83: are extensively exploited by small-
Page 84 and 85: Solid wastes. It is estimated that
Page 86 and 87: Pollution load to surface water res
Page 88 and 89: Mtoni and Pugu. Existing lakes incl
Page 90 and 91: Annex IVSeychelles (Beau Valon Area
Page 92 and 93: labour force generating the major p
Page 94 and 95: Vacoa Village ST Algal growth Water
Page 98 and 99: Sewerage ManagementSewerage managem
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCESA. Background Regional En
Page 103 and 104: 7 GOK 1997: Mombasa District Fisher
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