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Solid wastes. It is estimated that about 2,220 tons/day of solid wastes are generated in thecity of DSM. Currently only 23% of the generated quantity is collected and disposed of to theVingunguti crude dumpsite. Smoke, dust and intolerable smell is released to the nearbyresidential areas creating vermin and mosquito breeding, whilst lack of hazardous wastesseparation contaminates ground water resources. Solid wastes are burnt and dumped instreets and open space (Changanikeni, Makumbusho, Mpakani road, etc) that furtherdegrade living and health conditions. It is estimated that 64 million m3 of municipal wastes ayear are disposed of into open channels that percolate into the ground or flow in rivers(Kishimba M. A, and Mkenda A., The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs and UrbanPollution and Sanitation: Empirical Evidence from Tanzania Major Cities, and Njau G. J. andMugurusi E. K., Towards Sustainable Environment in DSM: AMREF, 1995).Production of solid wastes in the regionSource Quantity (tons/day) 1995 Quantity (tons/day) 2000Domestic 870 1020Market 200 335Industrial 100 240Institutional 80 120Commercial 50 130Street cleaning 40 130Car wrecks 30 50Hazardous wastes 30 110Hospital wastes 25 75Construction wastes 5 15Total 1430 2,220Sources: for year 1995: Kishimba M A, Mkenda A & Njau D J SustainableEnvironment in Tanzania for year 2000: Dump Management at Vingunguti Dump.Soil conditions and the high water table in the city intensify the vulnerability of theenvironment to poor waste disposal practices. Systems for collecting domestic, institutional,commercial and industrial solid wastes are operate inefficiently, if at all. The city centregarbage collection service is now privatised, run by private companies as well as Community-Based Organisations and industries and other commercial enterprises. The Kabuma dumpsiteclose to the Indian Ocean was used until 1988. There have been problem in identifyingsuitable alternative site(s) for final solid waste disposal following the closure of other sitessuch as Tabata, Mbagala Kilungule, Kabuma and Kunduchi as a result of protests fromresidents. Since 1992 a new crude dump at Vingunguti has been used. This dump is locatedat residential area bounded by Msimbazi River and the residential area. The City Council hasearmarked other places for disposing of solid wastes in Kunduchi Mtongani quarries inKinondoni, Mbagala behind Saint Antony Secondary School in Temeke and Pugu Kajiungeniat old Aduco in Ilala. Scavengers search and collect refuse for re-use, some collect and cookfood within the dump, build houses adjacent to the dump and even in the dump itself. Solidwaste flows into Msimbazi River and finally into the ocean. As stated in FAO/<strong>UNEP</strong> MarinePollution in East <strong>Africa</strong> Region:“In Tanzania a few kilometers stretch of Dar-es-Salaam coast is polluted with sewage andindustrial wastes. Faecal lumps and floating solids litter areas around the harbour……..a foulodour due to severe Oxygen depletion of the waters pervades the coastline. The natural floraand fauna within the polluted areas have been smothered” (page 5 para. 88)Agricultural wastes. About 900 sq. km. of DSM are reserved for agriculture. Agriculture isstill a major activity within the city. Application of agro-chemicals, disposal and run-off ofwastes is uncontrolled. Contamination of soils, water sources and valuable resources iswidespread. The national inventory on obsolete pesticides and unwanted chemicalsconducted by NEMC 1997 revealed the presence of piles of stock of obsolete pesticides ofabout 127,000 kg. and 123,000 kg. of veterinary wastes in various water catchment areas orclose to water bodies kept in leaked containers and stores. Soil erosion sediments reach theOcean either directly or through seepage and runoffs or indirectly through the creeks andrivers. The level of concentration of these chemicals and the load of suspended materials inthe rivers and estuaries has not yet been evaluatedFinal Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 200082
Vehicle Traffic. Smoke emitted from cars pollutes the air. A study conducted in 1996 byNEMC through the Commission for Energy, Environment, Science and Technology (CEEST),revealed high levels of SO 2 and Suspended Particulate Matters in some selected locationswithin Dar es Salaam. There is effective monitoring of air quality; industrial development,importation of vehicles, population growth and construction are likely to increase the problem.Oil spills. In DSM there is one oil refinery situated in Kigamboni near Dar es Salaam harbour.This plant receives 750,000 metric tons/ year of crude oil discharged from tankers intooffshore coupling pipeline located to the west of inner Makutumba island. Apart from wastesproduced in the refining process the refinery also pollutes the marine environment by sporadicoil spills which have resulted in chronic pollution of the harbour area and the coastline. Oilfrom tankers, waste oil discharged from garages, thermal power plants and few industries aredisposed without any treatment or control underground or into drains, rivers and creeks.There no statistical data as the pollution load due to oil spillage.Coastal erosion. The DSM beach stretches from Mpiji River to the north for about 100 kmand in the south to the Mzinga River and up to Mpakani village. The width of beaches variesfrom 0 in the creek areas, such as Gezaulole, Police Mess etc., to over 200m in other area,such as Mbweni, Ndege beach, Ununio, Kunduchi, Bunyuni and other areas. The northerncoast of DSM between Msasani bay and Mbweni is an area of sensitive sand beach ridges oftourist attraction. Erosion is common in areas under development pressure (tourist hotels,institutions, residential villas and fishing villages also caused by variation in the supply ofsediment load to the coastal system by rivers, quarrying of coraline limestone, sand andbeach rocks.Floods. A number of low-lying areas along the coast are currently subject to occasional orregular marine inundation at high tides. Soils characterised by mangrove swamps with poorlydrained clay exhibiting high shrink-swell properties. These areas are unsuited to urbandevelopment even if engineered barriers are constructed for shore protection. Highly mobileof sand dunes coupled with intense recreational use, under limited management, result inbeach erosion, which threatens property and physical structures. Sea level rise in large partsof the coastline to the north and south of the city is a potential environmental hazard. The Cityis dissected by a number of rivers close to sea level which are easily flooded during bothshort and long rains. The typical alluvial accumulation of silt and clay materials makes forpoor drainage posing the same development constraints as those found in coastal swamps.Fishing practices. Reefs break waves are breeding areas for most marine flora and fauna.Dynamiting smashes the coral reefs and destroys the habitat of fish and other reef dwellingorganisms. The rubble of smashed coral is subject to wave erosion and pollutes the marineenvironment. Application of dynamite for fishing cause considerable adverse effects to marineand coastal environment. Dynamite fishing cause explosion and fire and produce toxicsubstances in ocean and air. Exposure to these substances affects fishermen, damages fishand bottom flora and fauna. Apart from fire and explosion effects, dynamite fishing leads tooverfishing and destroys fish breeding grounds. The Aquamarine Profile of DSM regionproduced by NEMC 1995, indicates the main hot spots of dynamite fishing are Mwakatumbeislands, Msasani bay, Sinda islands, Kimbiji, Pemba mnazi, Kunduchi and Mbweni-Ununuovillages.Environmental ImpactsWater Resources. A water quality survey conducted in 1988 identified extensive surfacewater pollution as:• High conductivity suggested substantial dissolved and suspended solid loads.• Low dissolved oxygen indicated high biological and /or oxygen demands.• High bacteriological / pollution with evidence of pathogens with human excreta.• High kjeldahl nitrogen and low orthophosphate counts suggested extensiveeutrophication, as ammonia released from the decay of fresh sewage as well as allsoluble phosphates was being absorbed in the algae.Final Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 200083
Page 2 and 3:
TABLE OF CONTENTSPageTable of Conte
Page 4 and 5:
The Report includes four Annexes wi
Page 6 and 7:
4.2 Programme ObjectivesTo facilita
Page 8 and 9:
TERMS OF REFERENCEThis Report has b
Page 10 and 11:
CHAPTER 1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND EN
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aesthetic and recreational value, i
Page 14 and 15:
marginal benefit of pollution reduc
Page 16 and 17:
loss of labour force productivity.
Page 18 and 19:
Population connected to sewerage in
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Threats to the Coastal and Marine E
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fall disposal in deep sea at Kilind
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There are three main categories of
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Child mortality, and death in gener
Page 28 and 29:
6. Estimated Annual Cost of Environ
Page 30 and 31:
2.2 DAR ES SALAAM CASE STUDY2.2.1 I
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Dissolved solids 83,940 45,280 9,83
Page 34 and 35: 4. Institutional Capacity Building
Page 36 and 37: Table 8: Classification of ValuesTy
Page 38 and 39: infrastructure. As shown above, the
Page 40 and 41: 6. MangrovesMangroves are an exampl
Page 42 and 43: • The total cost in column (3) is
Page 44 and 45: 2.3 BEAU VALLON (SEYCHELLES) CASE-S
Page 46 and 47: In the marsh areas, various species
Page 48 and 49: Dissolved inorganic nitrogen: The t
Page 50 and 51: TourismSeychelles• Number of tour
Page 52 and 53: lossesHuman Health Indicator: Treat
Page 54 and 55: Dose-response data are not availabl
Page 56 and 57: Table 13: Estimated Potential Annua
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 3. ACTION PROGRAMME INPUTS3
Page 60 and 61: Property impacts are widely known t
Page 62 and 63: 3. Wastewater Treatment in Ismailia
Page 64 and 65: • Health costs• tourism income
Page 66 and 67: Annex IRegional OverviewThe Western
Page 68 and 69: • Degradation of coastal and mari
Page 70 and 71: • Resource over-exploitation• S
Page 72 and 73: Annex IIMombasa Regional and City P
Page 74 and 75: Population covered by sewerage infr
Page 76 and 77: Source: Mwaguni & Munga 1997Sewage
Page 78 and 79: 1628 people tested positive for cho
Page 80 and 81: Annex IIIDar-es-Salaam Regional and
Page 82 and 83: are extensively exploited by small-
Page 86 and 87: Pollution load to surface water res
Page 88 and 89: Mtoni and Pugu. Existing lakes incl
Page 90 and 91: Annex IVSeychelles (Beau Valon Area
Page 92 and 93: labour force generating the major p
Page 94 and 95: Vacoa Village ST Algal growth Water
Page 96 and 97: sea grass beds are able to soak up
Page 98 and 99: Sewerage ManagementSewerage managem
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCESA. Background Regional En
Page 103 and 104: 7 GOK 1997: Mombasa District Fisher
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