gpa_east_africa_case.. - GRID Africa GeoPortal - UNEP

1628 people tested positive for cholera with some reported death, while 66 out of 179 testedpositive for typhoid, also with reported deaths.Treatment costs. In terms of cost to the individual, treating typhoid for example would requirethe expenditure of KSh. 1000 per week (about $ 13) for a full dose of treatment if the patientwere treated with the cheapest drug available in a government hospital. In a private facility aminimum of KSh. 10,200 (about $130) would be required for a similar treatment.Average wage of working population. The average basic wage and salary of workers inMombasa in 1998 as reported in the Economic Survey of 1999 was KSh. 4,241 (about $55) permonth.Production Losses and ThreatsFisheries. Fishing is an important economic activity in Mombasa District employ a largepercentage of the labour force either directly or indirectly. Most of the fishing takes place withinthe sheltered waters of the reef. The types of fish caught include: parrot fish, rabbit fish,scavengers, snappers, pouters, unicorns, little mackerel and barracuda. Others are sharks/rays,crustacean, squid and octopus. Aquarium fish, which contributes immensely to the amountcaught is mainly for export.A total of 2,155 metric tonnes (MT) of fin fish and shell fish worth Kenya Shillings 171 million(about $2.2 million) was landed by both artisanal and commercial fishermen in 1997, ascompared to the 2,198 MT caught in 1996, showing a decline of 43 MT. The artisanal fishinglanded 380 MT in 1997 compared to 489 MT in 1996, showing a significant drop of 109 MT.The drop in fish landings is attributed to the Likoni ethnic clashes and the EL-Nino weatherphenomenon, which kept many fishermen away. However, looking at artisanal fish landingssince 1995, they have been showing a steady decline each year. Over-fishing within the shallowwaters of the reef and poor environmental conditions that are largely associated with pollutionand other anthropogenic factors has caused this steady decline.The commercial fisheries landed 1775 MT valued at KSh.138, 877, 2,000 in 1997 comparedto 1709 MT landed in 1996. The increase in fish landing is attributed to favourable fishingconditions in the deeper waters. The main exports market for fish and fish products are Europeand the Far East.Fish Production 1997 by SpeciesSpecies Quantity Kgs Value KSh.Demersal 174, 188 14, 130, 308Pelagics 82, 995 6, 582,955Sharks, Sardines, Mixed Fish/ others 77, 959 4, 439, 785Crustacean 27, 585 4, 723,330Miscellaneous 17, 190 1, 958, 635TOTAL 379, 917 31, 835, 013Source: 1997 Mombasa District Fisheries Annual ReportEcosystems Attracting Tourism. The most important ecosystems attracting tourism includecoral reefs, sandy beaches, coastal forests and mangroves. Coral reefs have undisputedvalue in attracting tourism. Because of the high species richness and diversity in coral reefs,tourists have been attracted to these areas to dive, snorkel or scuba to enjoy the aquatic life.Tourists usually see moray eels, scorpion fish, lionfish, large groupers, and octopus, lobstersrays and occasionally, whale sharks and manta rays. Diving has thus become one of the mostimportant tourist attractions. Unfortunately, tourism has created demands on the inedibleresources of the coral reefs. Large quantities of shells and corals are known to have beencollected. Many other species are probably being collected. Over-exploitation and carelesscollection methods have led to serious habitat damage. These pressures, coupled with siltdeposition, pollution from hotels, industries, domestic effluent and oil discharges, havediminished both the productivity and the species richness and diversity of the coral reefs. Thishas in turn reduced the tourist visits to these areas.Final Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 200076