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Annex IIIDar-es-Salaam Regional and City ProfileLocation. Dar-es-Salaam (DSM) lies in the eastern part of Tanzania mainland, locatedbetween latitudes 6 0 27’ and 7 0 15’ South of equator and between 39 0 and 39 0 33’ east of theGreen Witch Meridian line. It lies between 6.34’ and 7.10’ South on the West Indian Oceancoastline, stretching about 100 km between the Mpiji River to the north and beyond theMzinga River in the south, enclosing a land of 1,350km 2 . The region is divided into threeMunicipal Districts, namely Ilala, Kinondoni and Temeke that are subdivided into 72 wards.Population. DSM is the commercial capital and largest urban center in Tanzania. It has anestimated population of 3.5 million people, Ilala 800,000, Kinondoni 1,200,000 and Temeke1,500,000. Since 1988 the average growth rate has been about 8% per annum. The totalnumber of households is about 547,000 with an average size of 6.4 persons. 70% of thepopulation live in 40 unplanned settlements.Population distribution by District, 1999DistrictPopulationIlala 800,000Kinondoni 1,200,000Temeke 1,500,000Total 3,500,000Source: Dar es Salaam City CouncilClimate. DSM region has tropical equatorial climate, a mean annual temperature of 26 0 C andan average humidity of 96% in the morning and 67% in the afternoon. The annual rainfallaverages over 1000mm.Morphological characteristics. The region is characterised by four distinct landforms:(a) Shoreline & Beach: The shoreland immediately abutting the sea, comprising sand dunesand tidal swamps.(b) Coastal Plain: A limestone coastal plain to the west of shoreland extending to the Puguhills, overlain with clay bound Pleistocene with fairly uniform relief lying between 15 and35m above sea level and slopes of less than 3%. Whilst extending 10kms to the west ofthe city, the plain narrows to 2kms at Kawe in the north before widening to 8kms at theMpiji river, and varies between 8-5kms in width to the southwest where the relief is moreirregular gradually merges into the more elevated head waters of Mzinga river. Lakes andponds are scattered throughout this landform where rich clay soils and zero gradientimpede natural drainage.(c) Inland Alluvial Plains: Rivers originating from the Pugu hills to the east dissect the coastalplain in a series of steep sided U-shaped valleys, culminating in creeks and mangroveswamps before entering the Indian Ocean. Dar es Salaam harbor penetrating almost10kms inland along the Kizinga and Mzinga creeks forming the principal topographicalfeature of the region. These valley soils are generally poorly drained silt clays enrichedwith organic matters.(d) Upland Plateau: The deeply dissected Pugu hills, which bound the region to the westaverage 100 to 200m above mean sea level rising some 330m at some point, arecharacterised by steep weathered slopes and well drained of unconsolidated gravely clayboundsoils.Water Resources. The region contains watersheds of 4 major rivers. Mpiji River forms thenorthern boundary of DSM, Msimbazi River flows to the north of the city centre and Kizingaand Mzinga Rivers flow into the harbour area of the city. There are also smaller water coursessuch as Nyakasangwe, Tegeta, Mbezi, Sinza, Tabata, Minerva. Apart from a small pumpingstation at Mtoni on the Kizinga River, all regulated water comes from Ruvu River outside thecity boundary. Due to the distance involved, there is high leakage and limited free flow. Theregion will always rely on external surface sources as groundwater is not only polluted fromeffluents but contains high degree of salinity. Whilst the primary function of these riversystems is for drainage with only a small pumping station in Kizinga River, some streams areFinal Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 200078
occasionally used as last resort water sources by poor families in unplanned settlements whocannot afford to purchase water commercially.Industry. 80% of the nations’ industries are located in the DSM region. In 1999 there were412 industries on the register of the Ministry of Industries and Trade, including some whichmay have since ceased to operate.Industries in Dar es SalaamCategoryNo. of industriesFood and beverage manufacturing, chemicals and cosmetics 162Metal products 55Textile mills, garments, leather and plastic products 90Paper & paper products, Printing, Publishing & allied industries 33Wood and wood products 17Building & construction materials 14Electrical appliances, battery industries 12Animal feed 8Motor / vehicles assembly and maintenance 10Glass & Glass products 5Ginnery and tobacco 3Mineral 2Petroleum refineries 1Source: Ministry of Industries and Trade. (International Standards: Industrialclassification of all economic activities Part II List of major Divisions, Divisions andmajor groups).Tourism. The coastal climate is favourable to beach tourism. In DSM there are more than 13tourist hotels, and new ones are under construction, with a total of 5,000 beds. The main onesinclude the Sheraton Hotel, New Africa Hotel, Kilimanjaro Hotel (now inoperative),Silversands Hotel, Whitesands Hotel, Jangwani Beach Hotel, Haven of Peace Hotel, Sea CliffHotel, Africana Hotel, Kunduchi Beach Hotel, Bahari Beach Hotel, Oysterbay Hotel, KaribuHotel. According to the Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism and the Tanzania TouristBoard, the annual average number of tourist is about 201,000 with average annualexpenditure of US$ 190 million.Commercial and Industrial activity and the "Informal Sector". Until the 1980s, the maincommercial and industrial areas were mainly those designated by the Urban Master Plan ofthe City, covering an area of some 170 ha for the Central Business District and over 2000 hafor the and industrial areas. By 1992, industrial sites sprawled and doubled in size; smallscalecommercial, industrial and service units mushroomed throughout the city, in response tohigh urbanisation and rising unemployment in the formal sector, occupying city centerpavements, road junctions, transportation terminal sites, as well as locations along arterialroad reserves. The informal sector in DSM region is growing rapidly. In 1991, the Ministry ofLabour and Youth Development counted more than 210,000 businesses with an average of1.5 jobs per enterprise (Report on Self-help organisation in the informal sector of the DSM,SIDO/GTZ Project, 1995). By definition many informal activities are low-cost, unregisteredand escape official statistics; 95% of informal businesses are survival activities. Overall, theinformal sector is estimated to generate over 32% of the officially recorded Gross DomesticProduct. Earnings per worker are 2.6 times higher the minimum wages in the urban formalsector..Agriculture. Of the total area of DSM of 1,350km2, an area of 430km2 (or 32%) is taken upby urban development, 20km2 is forest land and 900km2 (or 67%) is rural only part of it inagricultural use. Agriculture is however the main activity within the region. Satellite imagepictures suggest that as much as 23% of the area of the region is used for agricultureproduction.Fishing. The total population of fishermen is disputed, estimates range from 3,000 - 50,000.This vast difference is explained by the small number of licensed fishermen relative to themuch larger number of non- registered fishermen. Despite the number of rivers crossing thecity and the few fresh water lakes and ponds, inland fisheries are limited. Offshore fisheriesFinal Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 200079
Page 2 and 3:
TABLE OF CONTENTSPageTable of Conte
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The Report includes four Annexes wi
Page 6 and 7:
4.2 Programme ObjectivesTo facilita
Page 8 and 9:
TERMS OF REFERENCEThis Report has b
Page 10 and 11:
CHAPTER 1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND EN
Page 12 and 13:
aesthetic and recreational value, i
Page 14 and 15:
marginal benefit of pollution reduc
Page 16 and 17:
loss of labour force productivity.
Page 18 and 19:
Population connected to sewerage in
Page 20 and 21:
Threats to the Coastal and Marine E
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fall disposal in deep sea at Kilind
Page 24 and 25:
There are three main categories of
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Child mortality, and death in gener
Page 28 and 29:
6. Estimated Annual Cost of Environ
Page 30 and 31: 2.2 DAR ES SALAAM CASE STUDY2.2.1 I
Page 32 and 33: Dissolved solids 83,940 45,280 9,83
Page 34 and 35: 4. Institutional Capacity Building
Page 36 and 37: Table 8: Classification of ValuesTy
Page 38 and 39: infrastructure. As shown above, the
Page 40 and 41: 6. MangrovesMangroves are an exampl
Page 42 and 43: • The total cost in column (3) is
Page 44 and 45: 2.3 BEAU VALLON (SEYCHELLES) CASE-S
Page 46 and 47: In the marsh areas, various species
Page 48 and 49: Dissolved inorganic nitrogen: The t
Page 50 and 51: TourismSeychelles• Number of tour
Page 52 and 53: lossesHuman Health Indicator: Treat
Page 54 and 55: Dose-response data are not availabl
Page 56 and 57: Table 13: Estimated Potential Annua
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 3. ACTION PROGRAMME INPUTS3
Page 60 and 61: Property impacts are widely known t
Page 62 and 63: 3. Wastewater Treatment in Ismailia
Page 64 and 65: • Health costs• tourism income
Page 66 and 67: Annex IRegional OverviewThe Western
Page 68 and 69: • Degradation of coastal and mari
Page 70 and 71: • Resource over-exploitation• S
Page 72 and 73: Annex IIMombasa Regional and City P
Page 74 and 75: Population covered by sewerage infr
Page 76 and 77: Source: Mwaguni & Munga 1997Sewage
Page 78 and 79: 1628 people tested positive for cho
Page 82 and 83: are extensively exploited by small-
Page 84 and 85: Solid wastes. It is estimated that
Page 86 and 87: Pollution load to surface water res
Page 88 and 89: Mtoni and Pugu. Existing lakes incl
Page 90 and 91: Annex IVSeychelles (Beau Valon Area
Page 92 and 93: labour force generating the major p
Page 94 and 95: Vacoa Village ST Algal growth Water
Page 96 and 97: sea grass beds are able to soak up
Page 98 and 99: Sewerage ManagementSewerage managem
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCESA. Background Regional En
Page 103 and 104: 7 GOK 1997: Mombasa District Fisher
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