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4.2 Programme ObjectivesTo facilitate the application and use of the outputs of Cost-Benefit Analysis in wastewateraction plans, programme objectives should be directed to three main strategic areas:1. Capacity-building to create the skills for applying CBA as a tool for problemidentification,priority-setting and decision-making.2. Exchange of experiences and development of partnerships for increased awarenessof the uses and limitations of Cost-Benefit Analysis in decision-making.3. Development of "social constituency" for wastewater actions and environmentalmanagement based on the realisation of the common community benefits and theircontribution to poverty alleviation resulting from the reduction and elimination of pollutionfrom land-based sources.4.3 Programme ActivitiesA. Capacity-building activities:(i) Initiate and support national level activities to build up a socio-economic database on:• Health costs• tourism income• fisheries production• mangroves productivity and• property values(ii) Provide support for regional level co-operation to develop an appropriate ContingentValuation methodology to bringing within the capacities of the responsible authorities theapplication of economic valuation techniques to the impacts on the quality of the coastal andmarine environment.(iii) Establish a regional forum for co-operation and co-ordination of national activities forreviewing institutional arrangements and responsibilities for CBA aiming to focus on:• Increasing awareness of the need to deal with externalities and implementation of thePolluter Pays Principle (PPP).• The use of CBA as a tool for promoting conservation and assessing development/conservation alternatives.• Bring long-term environmental benefits into the decision-making process.• Gradually shifting the focus of environmental protection from control to management.B. Exchange of experiences and partnership-development activities(i)Conduct national level consultations to:• Review of the results of the Case Studies.• Analyse the wastewater management choices open to the implementing national andmunicipal authorities.• Identify more closely the prevailing financial constraints, affordability problems andopportunities for effective co-operation with bilateral and multilateral donor agencies.Final Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 20004
(ii)• Cost-estimate alternative sewerage solutions and define locational, phasing andsocial policy priorities, taking into account wider development, anti-poverty and landuse planning objectives.Conduct a regional workshops to:• Review the recent GPA Draft Recommendations for Decision-making on Sewage andthe niche they provide for CBA.• Review national institutional similarities and differences relevant to the incorporationof CBA for the definition of wastewater priorities and decisions.• Initiate the development of appropriate guidelines for CBA• Identify opportunities and assistance requirements for carrying out pilotdemonstration CBA in selected locations, such as:• Dar-es-Salaam area and/or Oyster bay in Dar-es-Salaam• Mombasa Port area and/or Kenyatta beach in Bambouri coastal area• Maputo Port area• Beau Vallon main tourist area• Zanzibar Port and surrounding area and/or Zanzibar Stone TownC. Demonstration actions and development of "social constituency"(i) Present and discuss the results of pilot CBA projects with a view to building upstakeholders consensus on the costs of inaction arising from pollution and the need forpartnership and participation in consultations with the decision-making authorities, focusingon:• Community and livelihood benefits of saving coastal and marine resources.• Links between wastewater actions, economic development and povertyalleviation.• Bring to the attention of local authorities and NGOs the results of CBA and theneed to strengthen the techniques of socio-economic measurement and resourcevaluation.• Justify increased political support for regional, national and local level cooperationas an added "resource" for more effective use of internationalassistance to address coastal and marine pollution from wastewater sources.4.4 Expected Outputs1. Institutional, social and technical capacity for earlier implementation of twinning projectsand the principles outlined in the GPA Draft Recommendations for Decision-making onSewage.2. Greater scope for implementing "demand-driven" policies for wastewater actions andcritical understanding of affordability, cost recovery and participation considerations.3. Integration of ecological, engineering, financial and socio-economic parameters inwastewater actions.4. Awareness of the links of marine science research to socio-economic policy instrumentsand the objectives of coastal zone management and sustainable development strategies.5. More effective environmental management as a part of regional, national and localdevelopment policy.Final Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 20005
Page 2 and 3: TABLE OF CONTENTSPageTable of Conte
Page 4 and 5: The Report includes four Annexes wi
Page 8 and 9: TERMS OF REFERENCEThis Report has b
Page 10 and 11: CHAPTER 1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND EN
Page 12 and 13: aesthetic and recreational value, i
Page 14 and 15: marginal benefit of pollution reduc
Page 16 and 17: loss of labour force productivity.
Page 18 and 19: Population connected to sewerage in
Page 20 and 21: Threats to the Coastal and Marine E
Page 22 and 23: fall disposal in deep sea at Kilind
Page 24 and 25: There are three main categories of
Page 26 and 27: Child mortality, and death in gener
Page 28 and 29: 6. Estimated Annual Cost of Environ
Page 30 and 31: 2.2 DAR ES SALAAM CASE STUDY2.2.1 I
Page 32 and 33: Dissolved solids 83,940 45,280 9,83
Page 34 and 35: 4. Institutional Capacity Building
Page 36 and 37: Table 8: Classification of ValuesTy
Page 38 and 39: infrastructure. As shown above, the
Page 40 and 41: 6. MangrovesMangroves are an exampl
Page 42 and 43: • The total cost in column (3) is
Page 44 and 45: 2.3 BEAU VALLON (SEYCHELLES) CASE-S
Page 46 and 47: In the marsh areas, various species
Page 48 and 49: Dissolved inorganic nitrogen: The t
Page 50 and 51: TourismSeychelles• Number of tour
Page 52 and 53: lossesHuman Health Indicator: Treat
Page 54 and 55: Dose-response data are not availabl
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Table 13: Estimated Potential Annua
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CHAPTER 3. ACTION PROGRAMME INPUTS3
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Property impacts are widely known t
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3. Wastewater Treatment in Ismailia
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• Health costs• tourism income
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Annex IRegional OverviewThe Western
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• Degradation of coastal and mari
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• Resource over-exploitation• S
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Annex IIMombasa Regional and City P
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Population covered by sewerage infr
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Source: Mwaguni & Munga 1997Sewage
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1628 people tested positive for cho
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Annex IIIDar-es-Salaam Regional and
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are extensively exploited by small-
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Solid wastes. It is estimated that
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Pollution load to surface water res
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Mtoni and Pugu. Existing lakes incl
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Annex IVSeychelles (Beau Valon Area
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labour force generating the major p
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Vacoa Village ST Algal growth Water
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sea grass beds are able to soak up
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Sewerage ManagementSewerage managem
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REFERENCESA. Background Regional En
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7 GOK 1997: Mombasa District Fisher
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