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• Resource over-exploitation• Sand mining• Destructive fishing methods3. Restricted access (usage) toresources and resource useconflict• Poor land use planning• Changes of use of resources• Lack of integrated approach to resources use4. Microbial contamination ofgroundwater• On-site domestic sewage disposal• Poor domestic refuse disposal• Soil erosion and siltation5.Saline intrusion6. Marine pollutionMozambique1. Coastal habitat degradationand loss of biodiversity• Increased abstraction of groundwater• Oil spills• Ballast water discharge• Ships solid and oily waste disposal• Siltation from poor land use• Over-exploitation of resources• Destructive fishing methods2. Groundwater contamination3. Water quality degradation4. Restricted access to resources,e.g. beach, fish landing sites,ports and harbours, etc.5. Excessive water abstractionSeychelles1. Public health concerns/ waterquality and potential coastalhabitat degradation2. Coastal deposition of red soilduring rainy season due toan unplanned access roadconstruction sites.3. Habitat/ecosystemdegradation4. Decreasing harvests onmarine and coastal livingresources5. Marine pollution• Saline intrusion due to excessive ground waterabstraction• Domestic and industrial sewage disposal• Domestic waste water• Agrochemical run-off• Domestic solid waste• Industrial waste• Poor or lack of land use plans in coastal urbanisationand tourism related development• Dam construction and agricultural activities upstream• On-site domestic sewage disposal• Industrial effluent disposal• Siltation• Landfills• Increasing catch/effort for pelagic species such tuna,billfish, kingfish by industrial fishery sector• Oil spillsFinal Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 200068
Tanzania1. water quality degradation2. groundwater contamination andsalt water intrusion• Ballast water discharge• Domestic sewage and solid wastes• Industrial liquid and solid wastes• Agrochemical run-off• On-site domestic sewage• Excessive groundwater abstraction3. Habitat/ecosystemdegradation/ Loss of criticalhabitats and biodiversityparticularly the the dugong(Dugong dugon) and turtles• Siltation due to poor land use• Sand mining and quarrying♦ Clearance of mangrove forests for salt pans• Destructive fishing methods• Industrial development and wastes• Coral mining• Incidental catches4. Restricted access toresources and use conflicts5. Decreasing harvests onmarine and coastal livingresources6. Marine pollution• Poor/Lack of land use plans• Increasing catch/effort by artisanal fishermen and onpelagic species such tuna, billfish, kingfish by industrialfisheries• Oil spills• Ballast water dischargeFinal Draft Report – Cost Benefit Case StudiesGPA Strategic Action Plan on Sewage, October, 200069
Page 2 and 3:
TABLE OF CONTENTSPageTable of Conte
Page 4 and 5:
The Report includes four Annexes wi
Page 6 and 7:
4.2 Programme ObjectivesTo facilita
Page 8 and 9:
TERMS OF REFERENCEThis Report has b
Page 10 and 11:
CHAPTER 1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND EN
Page 12 and 13:
aesthetic and recreational value, i
Page 14 and 15:
marginal benefit of pollution reduc
Page 16 and 17:
loss of labour force productivity.
Page 18 and 19:
Population connected to sewerage in
Page 20 and 21: Threats to the Coastal and Marine E
Page 22 and 23: fall disposal in deep sea at Kilind
Page 24 and 25: There are three main categories of
Page 26 and 27: Child mortality, and death in gener
Page 28 and 29: 6. Estimated Annual Cost of Environ
Page 30 and 31: 2.2 DAR ES SALAAM CASE STUDY2.2.1 I
Page 32 and 33: Dissolved solids 83,940 45,280 9,83
Page 34 and 35: 4. Institutional Capacity Building
Page 36 and 37: Table 8: Classification of ValuesTy
Page 38 and 39: infrastructure. As shown above, the
Page 40 and 41: 6. MangrovesMangroves are an exampl
Page 42 and 43: • The total cost in column (3) is
Page 44 and 45: 2.3 BEAU VALLON (SEYCHELLES) CASE-S
Page 46 and 47: In the marsh areas, various species
Page 48 and 49: Dissolved inorganic nitrogen: The t
Page 50 and 51: TourismSeychelles• Number of tour
Page 52 and 53: lossesHuman Health Indicator: Treat
Page 54 and 55: Dose-response data are not availabl
Page 56 and 57: Table 13: Estimated Potential Annua
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 3. ACTION PROGRAMME INPUTS3
Page 60 and 61: Property impacts are widely known t
Page 62 and 63: 3. Wastewater Treatment in Ismailia
Page 64 and 65: • Health costs• tourism income
Page 66 and 67: Annex IRegional OverviewThe Western
Page 68 and 69: • Degradation of coastal and mari
Page 72 and 73: Annex IIMombasa Regional and City P
Page 74 and 75: Population covered by sewerage infr
Page 76 and 77: Source: Mwaguni & Munga 1997Sewage
Page 78 and 79: 1628 people tested positive for cho
Page 80 and 81: Annex IIIDar-es-Salaam Regional and
Page 82 and 83: are extensively exploited by small-
Page 84 and 85: Solid wastes. It is estimated that
Page 86 and 87: Pollution load to surface water res
Page 88 and 89: Mtoni and Pugu. Existing lakes incl
Page 90 and 91: Annex IVSeychelles (Beau Valon Area
Page 92 and 93: labour force generating the major p
Page 94 and 95: Vacoa Village ST Algal growth Water
Page 96 and 97: sea grass beds are able to soak up
Page 98 and 99: Sewerage ManagementSewerage managem
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCESA. Background Regional En
Page 103 and 104: 7 GOK 1997: Mombasa District Fisher
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