Continued from page 65 – Honey Bees in Trouble?honey bee decline, noted Olav Rueppell, a biologist <strong>and</strong>bee expert at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro,who was not involved in the new research."But this study is particularly nice because it takesactually the pollen that bees bring into the hive … to<strong>com</strong>promise honey bee immunity," he told NBC Newsin an email. "Therefore, many substances are involved<strong>and</strong> seem to have an effect."And since the problem of honey bee decline appearsmultifaceted, added vanEngelsdorp, "the solutions areprobably multifaceted."http://www.nbcnews.<strong>com</strong>/science/honey-bees-troubleblame-farm-chemicals-study-says-6C10736740☻☻☻☻☻Nigeria: FG Begins AerialSpray of Locusts in Bauchi14 July 2013The VanguardBauchi — The Federal Government has begun theaerial spray against quelea birds <strong>and</strong> grasshoppers in 10local government areas of Bauchi State.The state Commissioner for Agriculture, Alhaji TasiuAbubakar, said this at the beginning of the exercise inBauchi.He said that the state government had donated 750litres of <strong>pesticides</strong> for the exercise.Abubakar said it would curb the menace of pests <strong>and</strong>ensure the realisation of mass food production byencouraging peasants to take to farming.He, however, warned farmers within the affected areasto stay indoors during the period to avoid inhaling thepoisonous <strong>insecticides</strong>.It gathered that the exercise was being conducted bythe Federal Ministry of Agriculture <strong>and</strong> RuralDevelopment in conjunction with the state government.The Coordinator, North-East Zonal Office of theministry, Mr Johnson Waziri, observed that one of thegreatest challenges facing agriculture was pest control.Waziri said the exercise was in line with thegovernment's Agricultural Transformation Agendatoward ensuring sustainable food security.He said that it would be conducted every morning <strong>and</strong>evening, adding that the period coincided with the"nesting time for the pests".The coordinator <strong>com</strong>mended the state government forgiving top priority to agriculture.The Chairman, Global Apex Air, the <strong>com</strong>pany h<strong>and</strong>lingthe exercise, Capt. Gbenga Bankole, who conducteddignitaries round the aircraft, said the organisation wasusing a new technology to do the exercise.Bauchi, Alkaleri, Kirfi, Misau, Giade, Ningi, Shira,Gamawa, Jama'are <strong>and</strong> Zaki local government areas arebeneficiaries of the exercise. (NAN)http://allafrica.<strong>com</strong>/stories/201307150399.html☻☻☻☻☻Tanzania: Herbicide EffectsExtend Beyond PlantsBy Anne Outwater13 May 2012Tanzania Daily NewsColumnHERBICIDE tolerant crops, developed through geneticengineering, were supposed to control weeds, <strong>and</strong> Btcrops were intended to control insect pests.In fact one of the most potent promises made aroundgenetically engineered crops was that pesticide usewould decrease. This is a seductive goal since <strong>pesticides</strong>are dangerous for human beings <strong>and</strong> the environment.However, the opposite has happened.Instead of controlling insect pests <strong>and</strong> weeds, geneticallyengineered crops have led to the emergence of insects<strong>and</strong> weeds resistant to the usual <strong>insecticides</strong> <strong>and</strong><strong>herbicides</strong> .... A few weeks ago we examined theproblem of increased insecticide use; this week we willexamine the picture emerging around increasingherbicide use.The purpose of inserting the gene to make a cropherbicide resistant is so that the crops can then beweeded by using that particular herbicide (in order todecrease the involvement of human labor). The cropsthemselves be<strong>com</strong>e resistant because of the gene that wasinserted into them. So even when the herbicide is killingall around it, the crop with the inserted gene will stilllive.Monsanto, the <strong>com</strong>pany who is believed to own 90% ofgenetically engineered seeds, has made most of themdependent on the herbicide Roundup, which they alsosell. These crops are called Roundup ready. Roundup isthe most widely used herbicide in the history of theContinued on page 6766-- Traditional African Clinic July 2013
Continued from page 66 – Tanzania: Herbicide EffectsExtend Beyond Plantsplanet. The name of the herbicide used in Roundup isglyphosate. Let's look at glyphosate for a moment.It is described as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.It is a non-selective herbicide that ills grasses, broadleafed,<strong>and</strong> woody plants. Nonselective is a warningword here; non-selective means it can kill everythingaround it. Just by hearing that type of description, wecan be alerted that this kind of chemical is working at avery fundamental level.According to Iowa State University AgronomyDepartment, glyphosate inhibits a pathway (through theShikimate pathway enzyme) that is responsible formany things including biosynthesis of amino acids <strong>and</strong>biosynthesis of many different plant <strong>com</strong>pounds. Thechemical is readily absorbed through the foliage of aplant <strong>and</strong> accumulates in areas of active growth.Plants cannot metabolize or detoxify the chemical.Glyphosate inhibits protein synthesis. The plants stopgrowing <strong>and</strong> slowly degrade due to lack of proteins.The plant ultimately dies from dehydration <strong>and</strong>desiccation.According to Dr Robert Kremer, microbiologist withthe USDA Agricultural Research Service, whoconducted a 15-year study on glyphosate's effects onplants <strong>and</strong> root microbiology, it also removes importanttrace minerals, "Glyphosate is a chelator, which willbind with elements such as manganese <strong>and</strong> calcium,<strong>and</strong> those sorts of nutrients, <strong>and</strong> immobilize them... Inother words, it will make them unavailable for plantuptake."A review of the toxilogical data on Roundup (Giesy,Solomon, Dombson, 2000) concluded that glyphosateproduces functional abnormalities in fetuses <strong>and</strong>pregnant rats. As well it interferes with testosteroneproduction in mouse cultures, <strong>and</strong> estrogen biosynthesisin cultures of human placental cells.There are great dangers to aquatic organisms especiallyamphibians. A study in 2010 (Paganell, Gnazzo,Acosta, Lpez, <strong>and</strong> Carrasco) incubated the embryos ofAfrican clawed frogs (a species often used in research)with a 1:5000 dilution of a <strong>com</strong>mercial glyphosatesolution. They discovered found that glyphosate causedneural defects, <strong>and</strong> craniofacilal malformations;in addition, the frogs also suffered diminution of bodysize, alterations in brain morphology, reduction of theeyes, <strong>and</strong> many neural system abnormalities.These same horrifying basic abnormalities also occur-red in experiments with chicken embryos. There is noreason to think these types of things would not happen tohuman embryos - that is, babies in the womb. It isethically difficult to conduct research on such poisonsdirectly on human beings. But in Great Britain <strong>and</strong> theUnited States glyphosate incidents are the highest reportedof all <strong>pesticides</strong>. People experience skin irritation <strong>and</strong>gastrointestinal corrosive effects - mouth, throat.Kidney <strong>and</strong> liver impairment are frequent. In humanbeings Roundup - <strong>and</strong> its most active ingredientglyphosate - leads to rashes, nausea, headaches, <strong>and</strong> alsoto seizures, convulsions, <strong>and</strong> death. Ingestion of 85milliliters leads to "significant <strong>toxicity</strong>" even death in ahuman being. The United States <strong>and</strong> China are the leadingproducers of this broad-spectrum, nonspecific poison.Imagine... putting something like that out on the market.Imagine again...engineering basic crops so that more of itwill be used... It is almost beyond imagining, but there itis.http://allafrica.<strong>com</strong>/stories/201205130180.html☻☻☻☻☻South Africa: DevelopingGuidelines for 'Roundup' inSouth Africa23 January 2013By Alan AndersonPaul Kojo Mensah, a SSAWRN student at RhodesUniversity in South Africa, has tackled <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pleted aproject of great value <strong>and</strong> considerable <strong>com</strong>plexity: testingthe effects of herbicide use on aquatic organisms in theEastern Cape region, <strong>and</strong> developing guidelines forherbicide use based on the responses of those organisms.Paul's interest in this topic grew out of his discovery thatthere were no such local guidelines in place, <strong>and</strong>considerable reason for concern, given the increasing useof <strong>herbicides</strong> by farmers, private l<strong>and</strong> owners, publicagencies, <strong>and</strong> the flourishing wine industry.Paul, who was born in Ghana, has always dreamed ofusing his biological training to help protect theenvironment. When he was studying biology as anundergraduate at the University of Cape Coast in his homecountry, he hoped to move on to graduate school so thathe could be<strong>com</strong>e a marine biologist <strong>and</strong> a universityprofessor. After graduating with honors in 2001, however,he was unable to find sponsorship for his master's studieslikemost other science graduates in Africa. He had noContinued on page 6867-- Traditional African Clinic July 2013