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Continued from page 81– Using Natural Pesticides12. Schell LM, Gallo MV, Ravenscroft J, DeCaprio AP.Persistent organic pollutants and anti-thyroidperoxidase levels in Akwesasne Mohawk young adults.Environ Res. Jan 2009;109(1):86-92.13. Charlier C, Desaive C, Plomteux G. Human exposure toendocrine disrupters: consequences of gastroplasty onplasma concentration of toxic pollutants. Int J ObesRelat Metab Disord. Nov 2002;26(11):1465-1468.14. Imbeault P, Chevrier J, Dewailly E, et al. Increase inplasma pollutant levels in response to weight loss isassociated with the reduction of fasting insulin levels inmen but not in women. Metabolism. Apr 2002;51(4):482-486.15. Pelletier C, Imbeault P, Tremblay A. Energy balanceand pollution by organochlorines and polychlorinatedbiphenyls. Obes Rev. Feb 2003;4(1):17-24.16. Salay E, Garabrant D. Polychlorinated biphenyls andthyroid hormones in adults: a systematic reviewappraisal of epidemiological studies. Chemosphere. Mar2009;74(11):1413-1419.17. Mullerova D, Kopecky J, Matejkova D, et al. Negativeassociation between plasma levels of adiponectin andpolychlorinated biphenyl 153 in obese women undernon-energy-restrictive regime. Int J Obes (Lond). Dec2008;32(12):1875-1878.18. Pelltier C, Doucet E, Imbeault P, Tremblay A.Associations between weight loss-induced changes inplasma organochlorine concentrations, serum T(3)concentration, and resting metabolic rate. Toxicol Sci.May 2002;67(1):46-51.19. Hue O, Marcotte J, Berrigan F, et al. Increased plasmalevels of toxic pollutants accompanying weight lossinduced by hypocaloric diet or by bariatric surgery.Obes Surg. Sep 2006;16(9):1145-1154.20. Patandin S DP, Mulder PG,. Dietary exposure topolychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins from infancy untiladulthood: A comparison between breast-feeding,toddler, and long-term exposure. Environ HealthPerspect. 1999;107(1):45-51.21. Dagnelie PC, van Staveren WA, Roos AH, Tuinstra LG,Burema J. Nutrients and contaminants in human milkfrom mothers on macrobiotic and omnivorous diets. EurJ Clin Nutr. May 1992;46(5):355-366.22. Craig WJ, Mangels AR. Position of the AmericanDietetic Association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc.Jul 2009;109(7):1266-1282.http://www.metametrix.com/learningcenter/articles/2010/organic-pollutants-in-weight-loss☻☻☻☻☻☻Home Pesticides Could MakeYou FatBy Emily MainA new study points to a potential effect of pesticideson your weight.RODALE NEWS, EMMAUS, PA—Among the manydangers of pesticides already known are cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Parkinson's disease. Now youcan add obesity and type 2 diabetes to the list. A new studypublished in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry finds thata certain class of chemical pesticides used on lawns caninfluence your body's secretion of insulin, which couldhave a long-term impact on your waistline.THE DETAILS: The researchers used human tissue cellsto see how they were influenced by two classes ofchemicals, phenoxy herbicides and fibrates. Phenoxyherbicides are a large class of chemical pesticidesencompassing 2,4-D, the most widely used pesticide in theU.S. and the active ingredient in most "weed and feed"fertilizers and products like Ortho Weed-B-Gone; fibratesare cholesterol-lowering drugs. They found that bothphenoxy herbicides and fibrates block the body's receptorsof a particular hormone, T1R3, found on your tongue andin your pancreas, that regulates your body's ability to sensesweet tastes. It also influences your body's ability toproduce insulin.The reaction is similar to what might happen if you go on ahigh-carbohydrate diet, says study coauthor BedrichMosinger, MD, PhD, a geneticist and researcher at theMonell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. "Highcarbdiets stimulate your pancreatic cells, and insulinreleases more quickly," he says. That, in turn, lowers yourblood sugar and makes you crave, and eat, more food."Chronically, when you do that, it depletes the body'sability to produce insulin. Eventually, people cannot makeenough insulin to sustain blood glucose levels, and thatresults in type 2 diabetes."WHAT IT MEANS: A test-tube study doesn't prove thatthe same thing would happen in the human body. But thechemical pesticides you use on your lawn may beinfluencing your body's ability to regulate insulinproduction, and the potential for it to lead to biggerproblems like obesity and type 2 diabetes is very real, saysDr. Mosinger. "Anything that can disturb your body'shormonal regulation can have a significant effect," he says.He's currently studying how these chemicals work onhuman bodies, not just tissue.Continued on page 8982-- Traditional African Clinic July 2013
African Traditional Herbal Research ClinicVolume 8, Issue 6 NEWSLETTER July 2013FEATURED ARTICLESNatural Pesticides from PlantsBy Wesley GibbingsJanuary 13, 2013INTRODUCTIONSeveral pressures have accelerated the search formore environmentally and toxicologically safe andmore selective and efficacious pesticides. Mostcommercially successful pesticides have beendiscovered by screening compounds synthesized inthe laboratory for pesticidal properties. The averagenumber of compounds that must be screened todiscover a commercially viable pesticide hasincreased dramatically, so that new discoverystrategies must be considered. Increased emphasis onreduced-tillage agriculture will make adequatecontrol of weeds more dependent on chemicalcontrol. New herbicides will be needed to fully meetthis challenge. The increasing incidence of pesticideresistance is also fueling the need for new pesticides.Furthermore, most synthetic chemicals that have beencommercialized as herbicides are halogenatedhydrocarbons with relatively long environmentalhalf-lives and more suspect toxicological propertiesthan most natural compounds. Thus, naturalcompounds have increasingly become the focus ofthose interested in discovery of pesticides.Tens of thousands of secondary products of plantshave been identified and there are estimates thathundreds of thousands of these compounds exist.There is growing evidence that most of thesecompounds are involved in the interaction of plantswith other species-primarily the defense of the plantfrom plant pests. Thus, these secondary compoundsrepresent a large reservoir of chemical structures withbiological activity. This resource is largely untappedfor use as pesticides. This review will provide anoverview of those compounds from plants that havebeen utilized for pest control, examples of somecompounds with pesticidal potential, and a discussionof considerations in development of natural plantcompounds for pesticidal use.PLANT-DERIVED COMPOUNDS WITHPESTICIDAL POTENTIALHerbicidesInhibition of plant growth and production ofphytotoxic symptoms by certain plants and theirresidues is a well established phenomenon. Insearching for potential herbicides from plants,screening of compounds known to function in plantplantinteractions is a logical strategy. All plantsproduce secondary compounds that are phytotoxic tosome degree. However, in only a relatively few caseshas it been established that particular compoundsprovide the producing species a competitive advantageover other species that are less tolerant to thecompound. Only a few of these allelochemicals havebeen actively pursued as herbicides and, in thesecases, the natural compound has been modified. Aderivative of the terpenoid allelochemical 1,8-cineole(Fig. 1), with the common name of cinmethylin (Fig.1), is being commercially developed. Toxaphenereg.,a mixture of chlorinated camphene derivatives, wassold as a herbicide and an insecticide, but wasremoved from the market in 1982 by the EPA. Othervery weakly phytotoxic compounds from plants suchas benzoic acids can be made much more herbicidallyactive by halogen substitutions. Several benzoic acidderivatives such as dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) are widely used as herbicides.A few highly phytotoxic plant-produced compoundshave been discovered. However, none have beendeveloped as herbicides. The sesquiterpenoid lactone,artemisinin from Artemisia annua L., was found toinhibit plant growth as well as the commercialherbicide cinmethylin. Other compounds, such as 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one are as active as plantgrowth inhibitors as many herbicides. Plants producemany photodynamic compounds, such as hypericin(Fig. 1), that are strongly phytotoxic, provided theyContinued on page 8483-- Traditional African Clinic July 2013
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