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Continued from page 91 – Introduction to CitronellaApply two or three drops of citronella oil to a cotton balland gently wipe off the excess oil. Then complete yourregular facial routine.4) Perfume Industry:The Java citronella oil is one of the most widely usedperfume oils and is often used as a starting point forperfume materials, as its constituents citronellal andgeraniol are important and widely used perfume buildingblocks.http://citronella-oil.blogspot.com/☻☻☻☻☻☻Continued from page 96 – Botanical Insecticidesother insects. Limonene has low oral and dermal toxicityto mammals, birds and fish, although it can cause skinirritation or sensitization in some people.Pesticide products containing limonene are used for fleaand tick control on pets, insecticide sprays, outdoor dogand cat repellents, mosquito larvicides, and insectrepellents. Many products containing limonene arelabeled as safe for use in areas near food. Limonene is theactive ingredient in Ortho Home Defense Indoor InsectKiller, Concern Citrus Home Pest Control, and inproducts made by Orange Guard. Safer Fire Ant Killerand Citrex Fire Ant Killer also contain d-Limonene.Capsaicin is the material that makes chili peppers hot. Itcan be used on ornamentals outdoors and indoors forcontrol of aphids, spider mites, thrips, whitefly, lace bugs,leafhoppers, and other pests. It is important to note thatcapsaicin containing products are primarily used to repelinsects, rather than to kill existing infestations.To date there is limited research showing theeffectiveness of capsaicin products as insecticides,although they appear to be effective at repelling certainanimal pests such as rabbits, deer and squirrels.Pyrethrum is made from the finely powdered flowers ofa species of daisy. The word pyrethrum is the name forthe crude flower dust itself, and the term pyrethrins refersto the insecticidal compounds that are extracted frompyrethrum. Pyrethroids are not botanical insecticides, butsynthetic pesticides that are very similar in structure to thepyrethrins.Pyrethrum is a contact insecticide and must be applieddirectly to the insect to be effective. Pyrethrum rapidlyparalyzes pests, but may not kill them. Pyrethrum andpyrethrins are often formulated with another insecticide toensure that paralyzed insects do not recover and onceagain become pests.Because the pyrethrum mammalian toxicity is very low,it can be applied to food crops close to harvest.Pyrethrum has high contact toxicity for commonbeneficial insects.Garlic is marketed in several products intended to repelinsects, much as capsaicin does. Products are labeled torepel a wide variety of pests on ornamental plants, butgarlic may also repel beneficial insects. To date there islittle research showing effectiveness of garlicinsecticides.Rotenone is one of the most toxic of the commonlyusedbotanical insecticides. Rotenone acts as a nervoussystem poison. It is highly toxic to fish and other aquaticlife and is commonly used as a fish poison. Rotenonecan be toxic to mammals through inhalation and maycause skin irritation. Rotenone will also kill manybeneficial insects and should only be used to controlsevere insect infestations. In most cases, other, saferpesticides should be used in preference to rotenone.Sabadilla & Ryania are older botanical insecticides thatare rarely available. No sabadilla or ryania productscould be found that are currently registered for use inSouth Carolina.Nicotine derived from tobacco, is one of the most toxicbotanicals. It is a fast-acting nerve toxin and is highlytoxic to mammals. It is easily absorbed through the eyes,skin, and mucous membranes. Because of its hightoxicity it is no longer registered for use as a pesticide.Home brewed nicotine preparations can also be quitetoxic. Less harmful products will produce equal results.Essential OilsA variety of pesticides based on essential oils orcomponents of essential oils have come on the market inthe last few years. Essential oils are volatile, highlyconcentrated substances extracted from plant parts. In1996 the EPA established that certain ingredients thatpose minimum risk to users no longer require EPAapproval to be marketed as insecticides. A number ofthese ingredients are essential oils, including the oils ofcedar, cinnamon, citronella, citrus, clove, eugenol (acomponent of clove oil), garlic, mints, rosemary, andseveral others. As insecticides, these work mostcommonly as contact killing agents only, so re-treatmentmay be needed. Most essential oils used as pesticideswork by disrupting an insect neurotransmitter that is notpresent in people, pets, or other vertebrates.Eugenol is a component of clove oil. It is a fast actingcontact insecticide that is effective on a wide variety ofhousehold pests such as cockroaches, ants, dust mites,Continued on page 9392-- Traditional African Clinic July 2013
Continued from page 92 - Botanical Insecticidesflies, wasps, spiders, crickets, and fleas. It is also used onsome ornamental plant pests such as armyworms, thrips,aphids and mites.Eugenol has little or no residual activity, although thescent of cloves will linger. Products based on eugenol areconsidered minimum risk pesticides with very low risk ofdamage to the environment or user. Internet☻☻☻☻☻☻Continued from page 3 - Tombs of Buganda Kingsat Kasubispiritual values. The site is a major spiritual centre for theBaganda and is the most active religious place in thekingdom. The structures and the traditional practices thatare associated with the site are one of the exceptionalrepresentations of the African culture that depict acontinuity of a living tradition. The site's mainsignificance lies in its intangible values of beliefs,spirituality, continuity and identity of the Bagandapeople. The site serves as an important historical andcultural symbol for Uganda and East Africa as a whole.Criterion (i): The Kasubi Tombs site is a master piece ofhuman creativity both in its conception and itsexecutioCriterion (iii): The Kasubi Tombs site bearseloquent witness to the living cultural traditions of theBaganda.Criterion (iv): The spatial organization of the KasubiTombs site represents the best extant example of aBaganda palace/architectural ensemble. Built in the finesttraditions of Ganda architecture and palace design, itreflects technical achievements developed over manycenturies.Criterion (vi): The built and natural elements of theKasubi Tombs site are charged with historical,traditional, and spiritual values. It is a major spiritualcentre for the Baganda and is the most active religiousplace in the kingdom.Integrity (2010)The boundary of the land on which the tombs are locatedis clearly marked with the traditional bark cloth tree(Ficus sp.) and coincides with the 1882 traditionalboundary. The live markers have been useful in keepingaway land encroachers for housing construction and otherdevelopments, thus maintaining the original land size.The architectural palace design that comprise of theplacement of the buildings, and tombs/ grave yards ofmembers of the royal family around the Muzibu-Azaala-Mpanga reflecting the traditional palace structure is stillbeing maintained in its original ensemble.Although the recent fire tragedy, that destroyed the maintomb building, means that one key attribute is nowmissing, the cultural traditions associated with buildingin poles, spear grass, reeds and wattle are still vibrantand will allow the recreation of this tomb building.The other traditional structures are still in place and thekey attributes related to traditional ceremonial andreligious practices and land tenure and land use practicesare still being maintained.Authenticity (2010)The authenticity of the Tombs of the Kings of Bugandaat Kasubi is reflected in the continuity of the traditionaland cultural practices that are associated with the site.The original burial system of the Kabakas of Buganda isstill being maintained. The placement of Muzibu-Azaala- Mpanga in the middle of other buildings aroundthe large central courtyard (Olugya), with a forecourtcontaining the drum house and entry gate house, are atypical ensemble of the Buganda Kingdom palace. Thepractice of using grass thatched roof resting on structuralrings of palm tree fronds is still being maintained as wellas the internal elements and finishing materials such asthe long wooden poles wrapped in bark cloth decoration.Although the authenticity of the site has been weakenedby the loss to the fire of the main tomb structure, thebuilding's traditional architectural craftsmanship and therequired skills are still available to allow it to berecreated. This factor, coupled with the extensivedocumentation of the building, will allow an authenticrenewal of this key attribute.Protection and management requirements (2010)Managed by the Buganda Kingdom, the property wasgazetted a protected site under Statutory Instrument No.163 of 1972 and under Historical Monument Act (Act 22of 1967). This legal status was further strengthened bythe National Constitution (1995). The HistoricalMonument Act protects the Kasubi Tombs fromresidential encroachment or any other purposeinconsistent with its character. The land that hosts theTombs is titled under the Land Act (1998). The land titleis registered in trust of the Kabaka (King) on behalf ofthe Kingdom.The protection of the site is further strengthened by thevarious Tourism Policies of Uganda. The site has anapproved General Management Plan (2009 - 2015). ASite Manager is in place.The greatest threat to the site is fire. There is a need todevelop a detailed Risk Management Plan to address thisthreat, in particular, and to ensure that site documented isas complete as possible and securely stored.Continued on page 9493-- Traditional African Clinic July 2013
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