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is-clearing capabilities among support agencies (DOT, public works,etc.) can also help to maintain the viability of primary routes even aftersome degree of damage has occurred.Transportation planners should create geographically based databasesthat profile critical infrastructure and consider strategies for how toshift evacuees in the event of infrastructure failure. The databases andthe potential strategies should be shared with emergency managementand first responder staff and then tested as part of tabletop exercises.dETERMINING TRANSPORTATION CAPACITYOnce planners have determined the number and geographic distributionof potential evacuees, these statistics can be analyzed against thetransportation network that will be used to conduct the evacuation. Itis important to note that while this Primer focuses on issues associatedwith highway use during an evacuation, in many places other transportationmodes and routes will likely be employed. The term “transportationnetwork” is intended to refer to all the modes used during anevacuation, although roads and highways will likely carry the majorityof evacuation traffic in most locations and will be the focus of capacityanalysis. An evacuation is also likely to include large numbersof pedestrians traveling on the road network; this traffic needs to befactored into the overall capacity analysis as well.In most evacuation scenarios, and particularly those in a no-noticecontext, the agencies managing an evacuation will need to rely on theexisting transportation network to carry evacuees to safety from at-riskareas. Identifying and analyzing all the components of the transportationnetwork is an important element of evacuation planning. Eachcomponent should be reviewed to determine critical characteristics,including:n Carrying capacity (number of vehicles/passengers per hour)n Potential choke points (lane reductions, interchanges, etc.)n Potential vulnerabilities (bridges or tunnels)n Sensitivity to seasonal considerations such as snow, fog, and floodingn Location respective to evacuation population distributionn Location respective to potential sheltering and care destinationsn Proximity to alternate, parallel routesn Location of ITS to obtain real-time information on the infrastructureand flows and to communicate with travelers68 USING HIGHWAYS FOR NO-NOTICE EVACUATIONS
Transportation agencies are critical to this process because they havethe knowledge and expertise to generate the needed data. Most alreadyhave existing transportation studies and analyses with informationabout traffic capacities; many agencies also have the specialized tools(such as modeling software) to generate data relevant to evacuationpreparation.When planning an evacuation, transportation managers should considerall transportation options, including all modes, as viable alternatives.Although roadway and highway networks will be principal conduitsfor moving a large number of people, the nature and consequences ofa range of events will dictate which transportation options are best.The consideration of an evacuation, particularly one that requiresmass movement of people, requires identifying the transportation optionsavailable within pre-defined, sub-regional corridors. With theforeknowledge of capacity and availability of transportation resources– roadway and fixed guideway transit, pedestrians, bicycles and waterways– decisions can be made as to how to distribute evacuees amongmodes, and whether or not additional transit and alternative highoccupancyvehicles should be deployed.Major interdependencies exist in major metropolitan areas that areserved by multiple modes of transportation. Transit systems and commuterrail systems operate in densely traveled corridors that are alsoserved by those highways that will be identified as evacuation routes.Highway connectivity is essential for moving people onto or collectingindividuals at transit and rail stations and termini, or to ferriesand ports of call, such as cruise ship terminals. Evacuation plannersneed to consider how to maximize the capacity of each component ofthe transportation network as an integrated whole. This also includesconsideration the types of roadway vehicles that should be operating inconjunction with transit and rail operations as well as feasible maritimeresources.After a no-notice incident, movement by foot will be the first andsometimes the only choice for many evacuees. Even once an incidentcommand is established to manage the incident, pedestrian movementcould be the best and most efficient method of evacuation, at leastfrom those areas closest to the site of the incident. Evacuation planningshould address how to gather and protect pedestrians at or nearUSING HIGHWAYS FOR NO-NOTICE EVACUATIONS69
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NoticeThe U.S. Department of Transp
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Technical Report Documentation1. Re
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FOREWORDEvacuations may involve hun
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1 INTRODUCTIONEvacuations occur for
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able to aid evacuation planners and
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NO-NOTICE EVACUATIONSThis Primer fo
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egularly. A general rule is to upda
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USING HIGHWAYS FOR NO-NOTICE EVACUA
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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENTCENTERSTraffic Ma
Page 26 and 27: Source: FEMA/Liz Roll.Source: NASA.
Page 28 and 29: Incident CommanderPublic Informatio
Page 30 and 31: Category Description Location of Ro
Page 32 and 33: During an evacuation, EOC officials
Page 34 and 35: epresentatives should be dispatched
Page 37 and 38: 3 Explanation ofNo-Notice Incidents
Page 39 and 40: that would likely require a sizeabl
Page 41 and 42: n On-scene emergency responders may
Page 43: USING HIGHWAYS FOR NO-NOTICE EVACUA
Page 46 and 47: to assess the available information
Page 48 and 49: it accomplishes an evacuation’s m
Page 50 and 51: aftermath of an incident. The natur
Page 52 and 53: ture of the contaminant is known. P
Page 54 and 55: of the transportation network, such
Page 56 and 57: zones of the at-risk region are eva
Page 59 and 60: 5 PlanningPlanning considerations C
Page 62 and 63: ers include transportation planners
Page 64 and 65: establish a clear protocol which ag
Page 66 and 67: n Executive government - Mayor and
Page 68 and 69: lated strategies and tactics, demon
Page 70 and 71: apidly synthesize information that
Page 72 and 73: n Location and distribution of evac
Page 74 and 75: Geographic information systems can
Page 78 and 79: the location of the incident and ho
Page 80 and 81: TacticNo changes to normal roadway
Page 82 and 83: DESTINATIONS AND SHELTERINGEvacuati
Page 84 and 85: n Condition of transportation netwo
Page 86 and 87: inquiries initiated from out of the
Page 88 and 89: PUBLIC EDUCATIONEmergency managemen
Page 90 and 91: During the planning process, each a
Page 93 and 94: 6 Planning for for a No-NoticeaEvac
Page 95 and 96: Planning and preparedness phaseThis
Page 97 and 98: How does the evacuation plan identi
Page 99 and 100: What provisions should the evacuati
Page 101 and 102: 1.6SHELTERING/DESTINATIONFor inform
Page 103 and 104: Activation phaseThis operational ph
Page 105 and 106: 3.4SHELTERING/DESTINATIONFor inform
Page 107 and 108: What resources are needed to suppor
Page 109 and 110: What contingency plans have been pr
Page 111 and 112: Who needs to be notified to begin t
Page 113 and 114: CONCLUSIONThis Primer presents guid
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