Biotic Stress and Yield Loss

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62. Caviness, C. E., Registration of soybean germplasm lines R85–395 and R88–1259, withquantafoliolate leaves, Crop Sci., 31, 495, 1991.63. Brothers, M. E., and Kelly, J. D., Interrelationship of plant architecture and yield componentsin the pinto bean ideotype, Crop Sci., 33, 1234, 1993.64. Nelson, R., The inheritance of branching type of soybean, Crop Sci., 36, 1150, 1996.65. Wells, R., Soybean growth response to plant density: relationship among canopy photosynthesis,leaf area index, and light interception, Crop Sci., 31, 755, 1991.66. Robinson, T. L., and Lakso, A. N., Bases of yield and production efficiency in appleorchard systems, J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 116, 188, 1991.67. Redfearn, D. D., Moore, K. J., Vogel, K. P., Waller, S. S., and Mitchell, R. B., Canopyarchitecture and morphology of switchgrass populations differing in forage yield, Agron.J., 89, 262, 1997.68. Wofford, T. J., and Allen, F. L., Variation in leaflet orientation among soybean cultivars,Crop Sci., 22, 999, 1982.69. Blaine, B. L., and Baker, D. G., Orientation and distribution of leaves within soybeancanopies, Agron. J., 64, 26, 1972.70. Hicks, D. R., Pendleton, J. W., Bernard, R. L., and Johnson, T. J., Response of soybeanplant types to planting patterns, Agron. J., 61, 290, 1969.71. Hartung, R. C., Specht, J. E., and Williams, J. H., Agronomic performance of selected soybeanmorphological variants in irrigation culture with two row spacings, Crop Sci., 20,604, 1980.72. Mandl, F. A., and Buss, G. R., Comparison of narrow and broad leaflet isolines of soybean,Crop Sci., 21, 25, 1981.73. Dornhoff, G. M., and Shibles, R. M., Varietal differences in net photosynthesis of soybeanleaves, Crop Sci., 10, 42, 1970.74. Bhagsari, A. S., Ashley, D. A., Brown, R. H., and Boerma, H. R., Leaf photosyntheticcharacteristics of determinate soybean cultivars, Crop Sci., 17, 929, 1977.75. Palit, P., Kundu, A., Mandal, R. K., Sircar, S. M., Photosynthetic efficiency and productivityin tropical rice, Plant Biochem. J., 3, 54, 1976.76. Secor, J., McCarty, D. R., Shibles, R., and Green, D. E., Variability and selection for leafphotoysnthesis in advanced generations of soybeans, Crop Sci., 22, 255, 1982.77. Hay, R. K. M., and Walker, A. J., An Introduction to the Physiology of Crop Yield,Longman and John Wiley, New York, 1989.78. Wells, R., Schulze, L., Ashley, D. A., Boerma, H. R., and Brown, R. H., Cultivar differencesin canopy apparent photosynthesis and their relationship to seed yield insoybeans, Crop Sci., 22, 886, 1982.79. Wells, R., Meredith, W. R., Jr., and Willford, J. R., Canopy photosynthesis and its relationshipto plant productivity in near isogenic cotton lines differing in leaf morphology,Plant Physiol., 82, 635, 1986.80. Boerma, H. R., and Ashley, D. A., Canopy photosynthesis and seed-fill duration inrecently developed soybean cultivars and selected plant introductions, Crop Sci., 28, 137,1988.81. Ashley, D. A., and Boerma, H. R., Canopy photosynthesis and its association with seedyield in advanced generations of a soybean cross, Crop Sci., 29, 1042, 1989.82. Dong, S. T., and Hu, C. H., Effect of plant population density on canopy net photosynthesisand their relation to grain yield in maize cultivars, Photosynthetica, 29, 25,1993.83. Meredeth, W. R., Jr., Registration of eight sub-okra cotton germplasm lines, Crop Sci., 28,1035, 1988.
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Biotic Stressand Yield Loss
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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PrefaceThe idea for this book came
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EditorsRobert K. D. Peterson, Ph.D.
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ContentsChapter 1Illuminating the B
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1Illuminating the Black Box:The Rel
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increase plant tolerance, through p
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the action of a stressor on a plant
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The magnitude and duration of injur
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Plant part injuredrefers to the pla
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cific competition, while agricultur
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2Yield Loss and PestManagementLeon
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direct relationships between the ac
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In keeping with the theme of this b
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egressions. Actually, the title “
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REFERENCES1. Teng, P. S., Crop Loss
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3Techniques for EvaluatingYield Los
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number of species and stage of cutw
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especially if buried in soil, can d
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elationships for some pests. When m
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injury can be precisely controlled
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day. 81, 99 However, except for an
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the literature most likely are actu
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20. Ba-Angood, S. A., and Stewart,
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60. Stewart, J. G., McRae, K. B., a
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99. Shields, E. J., and Wyman, J. A
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4.3.3.1.3 Third generation European
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ing on the developmental stage at t
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4.2.2.1.2 Temperature stressPlant s
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chronic injury. Acute injury result
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ows, roadsides, or small grain fiel
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numbers are present. Stink bugs, Eu
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Oligonychus pratensis, feed on corn
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ECB2. 224.3.3.1.4 The impacts of Eu
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stalk borer, Papaipema nebris, is a
Page 72 and 73: period prolonged with sufficient co
Page 74 and 75: Arthropod injuries to developing ea
Page 76 and 77: esponses to herbivory have been obs
Page 78 and 79: Midwest, Purdue University CES and
Page 80 and 81: 59. Bailey, W. C., and Pedigo, L. P
Page 82 and 83: 5Phenological Disruptionand Yield L
Page 84 and 85: ity by animal consumers is the agro
Page 86 and 87: ously, structural components (e.g.,
Page 88 and 89: FIGURE 5.2 Generalized alfalfa grow
Page 90 and 91: 601, 1972.9. Gordon, C. H., Derbysh
Page 92 and 93: do we know about how biotic stresso
Page 94 and 95: ing both large and small leaf veins
Page 96 and 97: population. Whole plants may respon
Page 98 and 99: temporally and spatially, are more
Page 100 and 101: some systems have allowed for a tra
Page 102 and 103: injury guilds would center on the f
Page 104 and 105: apple leaves, HortScience, 19, 815,
Page 106 and 107: 7The Influence of Cultivarand Plant
Page 108 and 109: unit ground area, and it indicates
Page 110 and 111: without considering plant architect
Page 112 and 113: photosynthesis. Regardless of the n
Page 114 and 115: light interception. 45 Skeletonizin
Page 116 and 117: Light interception, which intrinsic
Page 118 and 119: var. Consequently, use of a single
Page 120 and 121: 19. Jarosik, V., Phytoseiulus persi
Page 124 and 125: 8Drought Stress, Insects,and Yield
Page 126 and 127: humidity. Because the relative humi
Page 128 and 129: temperature and precipitation. Prop
Page 130 and 131: compared to well watered soybeans.
Page 132 and 133: Changes in plant hormones, such as
Page 134 and 135: plays a key role in promoting plant
Page 136 and 137: In soybeans, a leaf area index (LAI
Page 138 and 139: 15. Schulze, E. D., Water and nutri
Page 140 and 141: 52. Meyer W. S., and Walker, S., Le
Page 142 and 143: 9The Impact of Herbivoryon Plants:
Page 144 and 145: conditions of stress are themselves
Page 146 and 147: are common, defenses to avoid herbi
Page 148 and 149: plant tissue, resulting in gall for
Page 150 and 151: found on cucumbers in polycultures
Page 152 and 153: compensatory response. Also, more v
Page 154 and 155: Costa Rica, and there are several g
Page 156 and 157: ivory from white cabbage butterfly
Page 158 and 159: made, while larger vertebrate herbi
Page 160 and 161: important consequences to plant fit
Page 162 and 163: de Entomol., 38, 421, 1994.32. Kare
Page 164 and 165: chlorophyll content in spider mite
Page 166 and 167: 114. Karban, R., and Strauss, S.Y.,
Page 168 and 169: 10Stephen C. WelterCONTENTSContrast
Page 170 and 171: Although literature is drawn from a
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and wheat acres receiving some type
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pattern to be true. 109 Because rel
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used in the experiment influenced t
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artificially elevated nitrogen leve
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annual, landrace cultivars, or mode
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settings are coupled with genotype
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10. Kennedy, G. G., and Barbour, J.
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53. Panda, N., and Heinrichs, E. A.
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97. Gross, K. L., and Soule, J. D.,
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143. Davidson, J. L., and Milthorpe
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11Crop Disease andYield LossBrian D
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The conditions listed above are opt
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to associate the effects of disease
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general relationship between LAI an
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Biomassproduction(total dryweight)R
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Y RUE(t)RI(t)[1 X]dt [11.12]wher
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sue. The most accurate prediction o
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tion. Two weeks before harvest, the
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15. Spitters, C. J. T., Van Roermun
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57. Richardson, A. J., Wiegand, C.
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they were cheap, convenient, and ef
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dW / W dtcauses and consequences of
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(a)(b)Maize yield (Mg ha -1 )987654
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Recall that c is a constant, so by
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where the subscripts c and w repres
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0.6Fraction yield loss0.40.2Eq. 16,
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the leaf area index (LAI). Incorpor
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can no longer be tolerated and, the
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cide. Steckel et al. 68 showed that
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A eq ∑ jN eq,ji 1YL n,j [12.31]1
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samples per field. Thomas 85 sugges
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external factors such as annual wea
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38. Boznic, A. C., and Swanton, C.
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weeds, Weed Sci., 44, 856, 1996.79.
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competition and weed management. 3-
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per unit biomass (1/W i)(dW i/dt) o
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of light interception). Algorithms
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where G a,iis the water limited pla
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13.4 COMPETITION FOR SOIL NITROGENA
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As with soil water, Equations 13.10
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partitioning of nitrogen to leaves.
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and stems to optimize photosyntheti
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influence of enhanced UV-B conditio
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Systems Approaches at the Field Lev
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