Biotic Stress and Yield Loss

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and stems to optimize photosynthetic area and the nitrogen content of leaf tissue. 75–77Accomplishing both optimizes growth rate under nitrogen limited conditions. Underthe assumption of balanced growth, the fraction of new biomass partitioned to theroot (p r) can be predicted using: 78 [ N ]GNp r [ C][13.23] [ N ]G GcNwhere [C] is carbon concentration of the plant, G N, is daily gain in nitrogen for eachunit root biomass (g N g root 1 ), and G Cis daily gain in carbon for each unit abovegroundbiomass (g carbon g 1 shoot). G N depends upon nitrogen uptake and previousroot growth and G Cdepends upon the amount of leaf area accumulated,environmental conditions (temperature, incident radiation), and leaf nitrogen content.The issue of partitioning new growth to optimize plant growth using this balancedgrowth hypothesis has been studied from a theoretical standpoint by manyauthors. 79–83 However, because root physiology research is difficult and costly, thereare few data available in the literature to support or refute the theory (but seeMcConnaughay and Coleman 84 ). Further research is clearly needed.13.5 SUMMARYQuantity of resources available within agricultural systems strongly influencesgrowth and development of crops and weeds. Weeds cause crop loss primarilythrough their direct effect on the quantity of resources available to the crop. In mostagricultural systems, light, soil water, and nitrogen are the most critical limitingresources. Quantifying the effects of each resource on plant growth is complex, butmust be accomplished to accurately predict the effects of weeds on crop yield. I haveoutlined some of the approaches described in the literature for quantifying theseeffects, and pointed out many areas where further research would clearly benefit thecurrent state of the science. In doing so, I focused my attention on the effects ofresources on plant growth processes, ignoring for the most part respiration and senescence.There is evidence that plant stresses increase the rate of senescence, 85 but littletheoretical work has been done to quantify respiration and senescence as afunction of resource supply.REFERENCES1. Barbour, M. G., Burk, J. H., and Pitts, W. D., Terrestrial Plant Ecology, BenjaminCummings, Menlo Park, 1987, chaps. 6 and 7.2. Goldberg, D. E., Components of resource competition in plant communities, inPerspectives on Plant Competition, Grace, J. B., and Tilman D., Eds., Academic Press, SanDiego, 1990, chap. 3.
3. Radosevich, S., Holt, J., and Ghersa, C., Weed Ecology: Implications for Management,John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997, chaps. 5 and 6.4. Holt, J. S., Plant responses to light: a potential for weed management, Weed Sci., 43, 474,1995.5. DiTomaso, J. M., Approaches for improving crop competitiveness through manipulationof fertilization strategies, Weed Sci., 43, 491, 1995.6. Kropff, M. J., and van Laar, H. H., Modelling Crop–Weed Interactions, CAB Internationaland the International Rice Research Institute, Wallingford, 1993, chaps. 4 to 6.7. Patterson, D. T., Methodology and terminology for the measurement of light in weed studies—areview, Weed Sci., 27, 437, 1979.8. Patterson, D. T., Comparative ecophysiology of weeds and crops, in Weed Physiology,Volume I, Reproduction and Ecophysiology, Duke, S. O., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton,1985, chap. 4.9. Patterson, D. T., Effects of environmental stress on weed/crop interactions, Weed Sci., 43,483, 1995.10. Aphalo, P. J., and Ballare, C. L., On the importance of information-acquiring systems inplant–plant interactions, Functional Ecol., 9, 5, 1995.11. Lindquist, J. L., unpublished data, 1994.12. Grace, J. B., On the relationship between plant traits and competitive ability, inPerspectives on Plant Competition, Grace, J. B., and Tilman D., Eds., Academic Press, SanDiego, 1990, chap. 4.13. Grace, J. B., A clarification of the debate between Grime and Tilman, Functional Ecol., 5,583, 1991.14. Grime, J. P., Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes, Wiley, London, 1979.15. Tilman, D., Resource Competition and Community Structure, Princeton University Press,Princeton, 1982.16. Tilman, D., Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities,Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1988.17. Tilman, D., Mechanisms of plant competition for nutrients: the elements of a predictivetheory of competition, in Perspectives on Plant Competition, Grace, J. B., and Tilman D.,Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, 1990, chap. 7.18. Caldwell, R. M., Pachepsky, Y. A., and Timlin, D. J., Current research status on growthmodeling in intercropping, in Dynamics of Roots and Nitrogen in Cropping Systems of theSemi-arid Tropics, Ito, O., Johansen, C., Adu-Gyamfi, J. J., Katayama, K., Kumar Rao, J.V. D. K., and Rego, T. J., Eds., Japan International Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1996,617.19. Boote, K. J., and Loomis, R. S., The prediction of canopy assimilation, in Modeling CropPhotosynthesis — From Biochemistry to Canopy, Crop Science Society of AmericaSpecial Publication No., 19, Madison, WI, 1991, chap. 7.20. Kropff, M. J., Mechanisms of competition for light, in Modelling Crop-Weed Interactions,Kropff, M. J., and van Laar, H. H., Eds., CAB International and the International RiceResearch Institute, Wallingford, 1993, chap. 4.21. Amthor, J. S., The role of maintenance respiration in plant growth, Plant Cell Envir., 7,561, 1984.22. Penning deVries, F. W. T., Brunsting, A. H. M., and van Laar, H. H., Products, requirements,and efficiency of biosynthesis: a quantitative approach, J. Theor. Biol., 45, 339,1974.23. Ryel, R., Barnes, P. W., Beyschlag, W., Caldwell, M. M., and Flint, S. D., Plant competitionfor light analyzed with a multispecies canopy model. I. Model development and
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Biotic Stressand Yield Loss
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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PrefaceThe idea for this book came
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EditorsRobert K. D. Peterson, Ph.D.
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ContentsChapter 1Illuminating the B
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1Illuminating the Black Box:The Rel
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increase plant tolerance, through p
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the action of a stressor on a plant
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The magnitude and duration of injur
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Plant part injuredrefers to the pla
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cific competition, while agricultur
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2Yield Loss and PestManagementLeon
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direct relationships between the ac
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In keeping with the theme of this b
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egressions. Actually, the title “
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REFERENCES1. Teng, P. S., Crop Loss
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3Techniques for EvaluatingYield Los
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number of species and stage of cutw
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especially if buried in soil, can d
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elationships for some pests. When m
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injury can be precisely controlled
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day. 81, 99 However, except for an
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the literature most likely are actu
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20. Ba-Angood, S. A., and Stewart,
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60. Stewart, J. G., McRae, K. B., a
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99. Shields, E. J., and Wyman, J. A
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4.3.3.1.3 Third generation European
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ing on the developmental stage at t
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4.2.2.1.2 Temperature stressPlant s
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chronic injury. Acute injury result
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ows, roadsides, or small grain fiel
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numbers are present. Stink bugs, Eu
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Oligonychus pratensis, feed on corn
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ECB2. 224.3.3.1.4 The impacts of Eu
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stalk borer, Papaipema nebris, is a
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period prolonged with sufficient co
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Arthropod injuries to developing ea
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esponses to herbivory have been obs
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Midwest, Purdue University CES and
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59. Bailey, W. C., and Pedigo, L. P
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5Phenological Disruptionand Yield L
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ity by animal consumers is the agro
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ously, structural components (e.g.,
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FIGURE 5.2 Generalized alfalfa grow
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601, 1972.9. Gordon, C. H., Derbysh
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do we know about how biotic stresso
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ing both large and small leaf veins
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population. Whole plants may respon
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temporally and spatially, are more
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some systems have allowed for a tra
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injury guilds would center on the f
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apple leaves, HortScience, 19, 815,
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7The Influence of Cultivarand Plant
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unit ground area, and it indicates
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without considering plant architect
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photosynthesis. Regardless of the n
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light interception. 45 Skeletonizin
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Light interception, which intrinsic
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var. Consequently, use of a single
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19. Jarosik, V., Phytoseiulus persi
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62. Caviness, C. E., Registration o
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8Drought Stress, Insects,and Yield
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humidity. Because the relative humi
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temperature and precipitation. Prop
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compared to well watered soybeans.
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Changes in plant hormones, such as
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plays a key role in promoting plant
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In soybeans, a leaf area index (LAI
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15. Schulze, E. D., Water and nutri
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52. Meyer W. S., and Walker, S., Le
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9The Impact of Herbivoryon Plants:
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conditions of stress are themselves
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are common, defenses to avoid herbi
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plant tissue, resulting in gall for
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found on cucumbers in polycultures
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compensatory response. Also, more v
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Costa Rica, and there are several g
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ivory from white cabbage butterfly
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made, while larger vertebrate herbi
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important consequences to plant fit
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de Entomol., 38, 421, 1994.32. Kare
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chlorophyll content in spider mite
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114. Karban, R., and Strauss, S.Y.,
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10Stephen C. WelterCONTENTSContrast
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Although literature is drawn from a
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and wheat acres receiving some type
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pattern to be true. 109 Because rel
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used in the experiment influenced t
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artificially elevated nitrogen leve
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annual, landrace cultivars, or mode
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settings are coupled with genotype
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10. Kennedy, G. G., and Barbour, J.
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53. Panda, N., and Heinrichs, E. A.
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97. Gross, K. L., and Soule, J. D.,
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143. Davidson, J. L., and Milthorpe
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11Crop Disease andYield LossBrian D
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The conditions listed above are opt
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to associate the effects of disease
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general relationship between LAI an
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Biomassproduction(total dryweight)R
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Y RUE(t)RI(t)[1 X]dt [11.12]wher
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Page 212 and 213: they were cheap, convenient, and ef
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Page 218 and 219: Recall that c is a constant, so by
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Page 232 and 233: samples per field. Thomas 85 sugges
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Page 238 and 239: weeds, Weed Sci., 44, 856, 1996.79.
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Page 242 and 243: per unit biomass (1/W i)(dW i/dt) o
Page 244 and 245: of light interception). Algorithms
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Page 248 and 249: 13.4 COMPETITION FOR SOIL NITROGENA
Page 250 and 251: As with soil water, Equations 13.10
Page 252 and 253: partitioning of nitrogen to leaves.
Page 256 and 257: influence of enhanced UV-B conditio
Page 258 and 259: Systems Approaches at the Field Lev
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