Biotic Stress and Yield Loss

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59. Bailey, W. C., and Pedigo, L. P., Damage and yield loss induced by stalk borer(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in field corn, J. Econ. Entomol. 79, 233, 1986.60. Moyal, P., Crop losses caused by maize stem borers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Pyralidae)in Cote d’Ivoire, Africa: statistical model based on damage assessment during the productioncycle, J. Econ. Entomol., 91, 512, 1998.61. Davis, P. M., and Pedigo, L. P., Economic injury levels for management of stalk borer(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn, J. Econ. Entomol., 84, 290, 1991.62. Seshu Reddy, K. V., and Sum, K. O. S., Determination of economic injury level of the stemborer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in maize, Zea mays L. Insect, Sci. Applic., 12, 269, 1991.63. Sarup, P., Sharma, V. K., Panwar, V. P. S., Siddiqui, K. H., Marwaha, K. K., and Agarwal,K. N., Economic threshold for Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) infesting maize crop, J. Ent.Res., 1, 92, 1977.64. Petty, H. B., Kuhlman, D. E., and Sechriest, R. E., Corn yield losses correlated with rootwormlarval populations, Entomol. Soc. Amer. N. Cent. Br. Proc., 24, 141, 1969.65. Turpin, F. T., Dumenil, L. C., and Peters, D. C., Edaphic and agronomic characters thataffect potential for rootworm damage to corn in Iowa, J. Econ. Entomol., 65, 1615, 1972.66. Spike, B. P., and Tollefson, J. J., Response of western corn rootworm-infested corn tonitrogen fertilization and plant density, Crop Sci., 31, 776, 1991.67. Godfrey, L. D., Meinke, L. J., and Wright, R. J., Vegetative and reproductive biomassaccumulation in field corn: response to root injury by western corn rootworm (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), J. Econ. Entomol., 86, 1557, 1993.68. Spike, B. P., and Tollefson, J. J., Relationship of plant phenology to corn yield loss resultingfrom western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval injury, nitrogen deficiency,and high plant density, J. Econ. Entomol., 82, 226, 1989.69. Sutter, G. R., Fisher, J. R., Elliott, N. C., and Branson, T. F., Effect of insecticide treatmentson root lodging and yields of maize in controlled infestations of western corn rootworms(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), J. Econ. Entomol., 83, 2414, 1990.70. Kahler, A. L., Olness, A. E., Sutter, G. R., Dybing, C. D., and Devine, O. J., Root damageby western corn rootworm and nutrient content in maize, Agron. J., 77, 769, 1985.71. Godfrey, L. D., Meinke, L. J., and Wright, R. J., Effects of larval injury by western cornrootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on gas exchange parameters of field corn, J. Econ.Entomol., 86, 1546, 1993.72. Riedell, W. E., Rootworm and mechanical damage effects on root morphology and waterrelations in maize, Crop Sci., 30, 628, 1990.73. Davis, P. M., and Coleman, S., Managing corn rootworms: (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)on dairy farms: the need for a soil insecticide, J. Econ. Entomol., 90, 205, 1997.74. Smith, B. C., Population changes of the northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) and corn yield losses in southwestern Ontario, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont.,1979, 85.75. Gray, M. E., and Steffey, K. L., Corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval injuryand root compensation of 12 maize hybrids: an assessment of the economic injury index,J. Econ. Entomol., 91, 723, 1998.76. Reidell, W. E., and Reese, R. N., Maize morphology and shoot CO2 assimilation after rootdamage by western corn rootworm larvae, Crop Sci., 39, 1332, 1999.77. Culy, M. D., The Impact of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) onPollination Success in Seed Corn Production Fields, Ph.D. dissertation, PurdueUniversity, West Lafayette, IN, 113, 1987.78. Culy, M. D., Edwards, C. R., and Cornelius, J. R., Effect of silk feeding by western corn
ootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on yield and quality of inbred corn in seed cornproduction fields, J. Econ. Entomol., 85, 2440, 1992.79. Culy, M. D., Edwards, C. R., and Cornelius, J. R., Minimum silk length for optimum pollinationin seed corn production fields, J. Prod. Agric., 5, 387, 1992.80. Leva, D. M., Population Suppression of Adult Corn Rootworms (Diabrotica spp.) and theEffect of Rootworm Adults on Pollination in Indiana Cornfields, Ph.D. dissertation,Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, (Diss. Abstr. 80-27299), 168, 1980.81. Appel, L. L., Wright, R. J., and Campbell, J. B., Economic injury levels for western beancutworm, Loxagrotis albicosta (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), eggs and larvae in fieldcorn, J. Kan. Ent. Soc., 66, 434, 1993.82. Metcalf, R. L., and Metcalf, R. A., Destructive and Useful Insects: Their Habits andControl, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993.
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Biotic Stressand Yield Loss
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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PrefaceThe idea for this book came
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EditorsRobert K. D. Peterson, Ph.D.
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ContentsChapter 1Illuminating the B
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1Illuminating the Black Box:The Rel
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increase plant tolerance, through p
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the action of a stressor on a plant
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The magnitude and duration of injur
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Plant part injuredrefers to the pla
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cific competition, while agricultur
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2Yield Loss and PestManagementLeon
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direct relationships between the ac
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In keeping with the theme of this b
Page 30 and 31: egressions. Actually, the title “
Page 32 and 33: REFERENCES1. Teng, P. S., Crop Loss
Page 34 and 35: 3Techniques for EvaluatingYield Los
Page 36 and 37: number of species and stage of cutw
Page 38 and 39: especially if buried in soil, can d
Page 40 and 41: elationships for some pests. When m
Page 42 and 43: injury can be precisely controlled
Page 44 and 45: day. 81, 99 However, except for an
Page 46 and 47: the literature most likely are actu
Page 48 and 49: 20. Ba-Angood, S. A., and Stewart,
Page 50 and 51: 60. Stewart, J. G., McRae, K. B., a
Page 52 and 53: 99. Shields, E. J., and Wyman, J. A
Page 54 and 55: 4.3.3.1.3 Third generation European
Page 56 and 57: ing on the developmental stage at t
Page 58 and 59: 4.2.2.1.2 Temperature stressPlant s
Page 60 and 61: chronic injury. Acute injury result
Page 62 and 63: ows, roadsides, or small grain fiel
Page 64 and 65: numbers are present. Stink bugs, Eu
Page 66 and 67: Oligonychus pratensis, feed on corn
Page 68 and 69: ECB2. 224.3.3.1.4 The impacts of Eu
Page 70 and 71: stalk borer, Papaipema nebris, is a
Page 72 and 73: period prolonged with sufficient co
Page 74 and 75: Arthropod injuries to developing ea
Page 76 and 77: esponses to herbivory have been obs
Page 78 and 79: Midwest, Purdue University CES and
Page 82 and 83: 5Phenological Disruptionand Yield L
Page 84 and 85: ity by animal consumers is the agro
Page 86 and 87: ously, structural components (e.g.,
Page 88 and 89: FIGURE 5.2 Generalized alfalfa grow
Page 90 and 91: 601, 1972.9. Gordon, C. H., Derbysh
Page 92 and 93: do we know about how biotic stresso
Page 94 and 95: ing both large and small leaf veins
Page 96 and 97: population. Whole plants may respon
Page 98 and 99: temporally and spatially, are more
Page 100 and 101: some systems have allowed for a tra
Page 102 and 103: injury guilds would center on the f
Page 104 and 105: apple leaves, HortScience, 19, 815,
Page 106 and 107: 7The Influence of Cultivarand Plant
Page 108 and 109: unit ground area, and it indicates
Page 110 and 111: without considering plant architect
Page 112 and 113: photosynthesis. Regardless of the n
Page 114 and 115: light interception. 45 Skeletonizin
Page 116 and 117: Light interception, which intrinsic
Page 118 and 119: var. Consequently, use of a single
Page 120 and 121: 19. Jarosik, V., Phytoseiulus persi
Page 122 and 123: 62. Caviness, C. E., Registration o
Page 124 and 125: 8Drought Stress, Insects,and Yield
Page 126 and 127: humidity. Because the relative humi
Page 128 and 129: temperature and precipitation. Prop
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compared to well watered soybeans.
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Changes in plant hormones, such as
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plays a key role in promoting plant
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In soybeans, a leaf area index (LAI
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15. Schulze, E. D., Water and nutri
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52. Meyer W. S., and Walker, S., Le
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9The Impact of Herbivoryon Plants:
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conditions of stress are themselves
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are common, defenses to avoid herbi
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plant tissue, resulting in gall for
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found on cucumbers in polycultures
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compensatory response. Also, more v
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Costa Rica, and there are several g
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ivory from white cabbage butterfly
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made, while larger vertebrate herbi
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important consequences to plant fit
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de Entomol., 38, 421, 1994.32. Kare
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chlorophyll content in spider mite
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114. Karban, R., and Strauss, S.Y.,
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10Stephen C. WelterCONTENTSContrast
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Although literature is drawn from a
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and wheat acres receiving some type
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pattern to be true. 109 Because rel
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used in the experiment influenced t
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artificially elevated nitrogen leve
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annual, landrace cultivars, or mode
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settings are coupled with genotype
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10. Kennedy, G. G., and Barbour, J.
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53. Panda, N., and Heinrichs, E. A.
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97. Gross, K. L., and Soule, J. D.,
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143. Davidson, J. L., and Milthorpe
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11Crop Disease andYield LossBrian D
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The conditions listed above are opt
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to associate the effects of disease
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general relationship between LAI an
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Biomassproduction(total dryweight)R
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Y RUE(t)RI(t)[1 X]dt [11.12]wher
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sue. The most accurate prediction o
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tion. Two weeks before harvest, the
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15. Spitters, C. J. T., Van Roermun
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57. Richardson, A. J., Wiegand, C.
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they were cheap, convenient, and ef
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dW / W dtcauses and consequences of
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(a)(b)Maize yield (Mg ha -1 )987654
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Recall that c is a constant, so by
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where the subscripts c and w repres
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0.6Fraction yield loss0.40.2Eq. 16,
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the leaf area index (LAI). Incorpor
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can no longer be tolerated and, the
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cide. Steckel et al. 68 showed that
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A eq ∑ jN eq,ji 1YL n,j [12.31]1
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samples per field. Thomas 85 sugges
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external factors such as annual wea
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38. Boznic, A. C., and Swanton, C.
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weeds, Weed Sci., 44, 856, 1996.79.
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competition and weed management. 3-
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per unit biomass (1/W i)(dW i/dt) o
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of light interception). Algorithms
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where G a,iis the water limited pla
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13.4 COMPETITION FOR SOIL NITROGENA
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As with soil water, Equations 13.10
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partitioning of nitrogen to leaves.
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and stems to optimize photosyntheti
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influence of enhanced UV-B conditio
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Systems Approaches at the Field Lev
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