REFERENCES1. Teng, P. S., Crop <strong>Loss</strong> Assessment <strong>and</strong> Pest Management, American PhytopathologicalSociety, St. Paul, MN, 1987.2. Higley, L. G., <strong>and</strong> Pedigo, L. P., Economic Thresholds for Integrated Pest Management,University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1996.3. Peterson, R. K. D., The status of economic-decision-level development, in EconomicThresholds for Integrated Pest Management, Higley, L. G., <strong>and</strong> Pedigo, L. P., Eds.,University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1996.4. Geier, P. W., <strong>and</strong> Clark, L. R., An ecological approach to pest control, in Proc. Tech.Meeting Intern. Union Conser. Nature <strong>and</strong> Nat. Resources, 8th, 1960, Warsaw, Pol<strong>and</strong>,1961, 10.5. Stern, V. M., Smith, R. F., van den Bosch, R., <strong>and</strong> Hagen, K. S., The integrated controlconcept, Hilgardia, 29, 81, 19596. Rosenthal, J. P., <strong>and</strong> Kotanen, P. M., Terrestrial plant tolerance to herbivory, Trends Ecol.Evol., 9, 145, 1994.7. Smith, C. M., Plant Resistance to Insects: a Fundamental Approach, Wiley & Sons, NewYork, 1989.8. Pedigo, L. P., <strong>and</strong> Higley, L. G., The economic injury level concept <strong>and</strong> environmentalquality: a new perspective, Am. Entomol., 38, 12, 1992.9. Welter, S. C., Responses of plants to insects: eco-physiological insights, in Buxton, D. R.,Shibles, R., Forsberg, R. A., Blad, B. L., Asay, K. H., Paulson, G. M., <strong>and</strong> Wilson, R. F.,Eds., International Crop Science I, Crop Science Society of America, Madison, WI, 1993,773.10. Reese, J. C., Schwenke, J. R., Lamont, P. S., <strong>and</strong> Zehr, D. D., Importance of quantificationof plant tolerance in crop pest management programs for aphids: greenbug resistance insorghum, J. Agric. Entomol. 11, 252, 1994.11. Hutchins, S. H., Buntin, G. D., <strong>and</strong> Pedigo, L. P., Impact of insect feeding on alfalfaregrowth: a review of physiological responses <strong>and</strong> economic consequences, Agron. J., 82,1035, 1990.12. Higley, L. G., New underst<strong>and</strong>ings of soybean defoliation <strong>and</strong> their implications for pestmanagement, in Pest Management of Soybean, Copping, L. G., Green, M. B., <strong>and</strong> Rees,R. T., Eds., Elsevier, London, 1992, 56.13. Haile, F. J., Higley, L. G., Specht, J. E., <strong>and</strong> Spomer, S. M., Soybean leaf morphology <strong>and</strong>defoliation tolerance, Agron. J., 90, 353, 1998.14. Trumble, J. T., Kolondny-Hirsch, D. M., <strong>and</strong> Ting, I. P., Plant compensation for arthropodherbivory, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 38, 93, 1993.15. Ostlie, K. R., Soybean Transpiration, Vegetative Morphology, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Yield</strong> Components followingSimulated <strong>and</strong> Actual Insect Defoliation, Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State University,Ames, 1984.16. Welter, S. C., Arthropod impact on plant gas exchange, in Insect–Plant Interactions, vol.1, Bernays, E. A., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1989, 135.17. Peterson, R. K. D., Danielson, S. D., <strong>and</strong> Higley, L. G., Photosynthetic response of alfalfato actual <strong>and</strong> simulated alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Cuculionidae) injury, Environ.Entomol., 21, 501, 1992.18. Welter, S. C., <strong>and</strong> Steggall, J. W., Responses of tomato to simulated <strong>and</strong> real herbivory bytobacco hornworm (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), Environ. Entomol., 20, 1537, 1993.19. Stone, J. D., <strong>and</strong> Pedigo, L. P., Development <strong>and</strong> economic-injury level of the greencloverworm on soybean in Iowa, J. Econ. Entomol., 65, 197, 1972.
20. Higley, L. G., <strong>and</strong> Peterson, R. K. D., The biological basis of the economic injury level, inEconomic Thresholds for Integrated Pest Management, Higley, L. G., <strong>and</strong> Pedigo, L. P.,Eds., University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1996.21. Pedigo, L. P., Hutchins, S. H., <strong>and</strong> Higley, L. G., Economic injury levels in theory <strong>and</strong>practice, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 31, 341, 1986.22. Waggoner, P. F., <strong>and</strong> Berger, R. D., Defoliation, disease, <strong>and</strong> growth, Phytopathology, 77,393, 1987.23. Johnson, K.B., Defoliation, disease, <strong>and</strong> growth: a reply, Phytopathology, 77, 1495, 1987.24. Herbert, D. A., Mack, T. P., Backman, P. A., <strong>and</strong> Rodriguez-Kabana, R., Validation of amodel for estimating leaf-feeding by insects in soybean, Crop Prot., 11, 27, 1992.25. Klubertanz, T. H., Pedigo, L. P., <strong>and</strong> Carlson, R. E., Reliability of yield models of defoliatedsoybean based on leaf area index versus leaf area removed, J. Econ. Entomol., 89,751, 1996.26. Haile, F. J., Physiology of Plant Tolerance to Arthropod Injury, Ph.D. Dissertation,University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1999.27. Hunt, T. E., Haile, F. J, Hoback, W. W., <strong>and</strong> Higley, L. G., Indirect measurement of insectdefoliation, Environ. Entomol., 28, 136, 1999.
- Page 2 and 3: Biotic Stressand Yield Loss
- Page 4 and 5: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
- Page 6 and 7: PrefaceThe idea for this book came
- Page 8 and 9: EditorsRobert K. D. Peterson, Ph.D.
- Page 10 and 11: ContentsChapter 1Illuminating the B
- Page 12 and 13: 1Illuminating the Black Box:The Rel
- Page 14 and 15: increase plant tolerance, through p
- Page 16 and 17: the action of a stressor on a plant
- Page 18 and 19: The magnitude and duration of injur
- Page 20 and 21: Plant part injuredrefers to the pla
- Page 22 and 23: cific competition, while agricultur
- Page 24 and 25: 2Yield Loss and PestManagementLeon
- Page 26 and 27: direct relationships between the ac
- Page 28 and 29: In keeping with the theme of this b
- Page 30 and 31: egressions. Actually, the title “
- Page 34 and 35: 3Techniques for EvaluatingYield Los
- Page 36 and 37: number of species and stage of cutw
- Page 38 and 39: especially if buried in soil, can d
- Page 40 and 41: elationships for some pests. When m
- Page 42 and 43: injury can be precisely controlled
- Page 44 and 45: day. 81, 99 However, except for an
- Page 46 and 47: the literature most likely are actu
- Page 48 and 49: 20. Ba-Angood, S. A., and Stewart,
- Page 50 and 51: 60. Stewart, J. G., McRae, K. B., a
- Page 52 and 53: 99. Shields, E. J., and Wyman, J. A
- Page 54 and 55: 4.3.3.1.3 Third generation European
- Page 56 and 57: ing on the developmental stage at t
- Page 58 and 59: 4.2.2.1.2 Temperature stressPlant s
- Page 60 and 61: chronic injury. Acute injury result
- Page 62 and 63: ows, roadsides, or small grain fiel
- Page 64 and 65: numbers are present. Stink bugs, Eu
- Page 66 and 67: Oligonychus pratensis, feed on corn
- Page 68 and 69: ECB2. 224.3.3.1.4 The impacts of Eu
- Page 70 and 71: stalk borer, Papaipema nebris, is a
- Page 72 and 73: period prolonged with sufficient co
- Page 74 and 75: Arthropod injuries to developing ea
- Page 76 and 77: esponses to herbivory have been obs
- Page 78 and 79: Midwest, Purdue University CES and
- Page 80 and 81: 59. Bailey, W. C., and Pedigo, L. P
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5Phenological Disruptionand Yield L
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ity by animal consumers is the agro
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ously, structural components (e.g.,
- Page 88 and 89:
FIGURE 5.2 Generalized alfalfa grow
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601, 1972.9. Gordon, C. H., Derbysh
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do we know about how biotic stresso
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ing both large and small leaf veins
- Page 96 and 97:
population. Whole plants may respon
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temporally and spatially, are more
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some systems have allowed for a tra
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injury guilds would center on the f
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apple leaves, HortScience, 19, 815,
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7The Influence of Cultivarand Plant
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unit ground area, and it indicates
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without considering plant architect
- Page 112 and 113:
photosynthesis. Regardless of the n
- Page 114 and 115:
light interception. 45 Skeletonizin
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Light interception, which intrinsic
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var. Consequently, use of a single
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19. Jarosik, V., Phytoseiulus persi
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62. Caviness, C. E., Registration o
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8Drought Stress, Insects,and Yield
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humidity. Because the relative humi
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temperature and precipitation. Prop
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compared to well watered soybeans.
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Changes in plant hormones, such as
- Page 134 and 135:
plays a key role in promoting plant
- Page 136 and 137:
In soybeans, a leaf area index (LAI
- Page 138 and 139:
15. Schulze, E. D., Water and nutri
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52. Meyer W. S., and Walker, S., Le
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9The Impact of Herbivoryon Plants:
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conditions of stress are themselves
- Page 146 and 147:
are common, defenses to avoid herbi
- Page 148 and 149:
plant tissue, resulting in gall for
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found on cucumbers in polycultures
- Page 152 and 153:
compensatory response. Also, more v
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Costa Rica, and there are several g
- Page 156 and 157:
ivory from white cabbage butterfly
- Page 158 and 159:
made, while larger vertebrate herbi
- Page 160 and 161:
important consequences to plant fit
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de Entomol., 38, 421, 1994.32. Kare
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chlorophyll content in spider mite
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114. Karban, R., and Strauss, S.Y.,
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10Stephen C. WelterCONTENTSContrast
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Although literature is drawn from a
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and wheat acres receiving some type
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pattern to be true. 109 Because rel
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used in the experiment influenced t
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artificially elevated nitrogen leve
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annual, landrace cultivars, or mode
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settings are coupled with genotype
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10. Kennedy, G. G., and Barbour, J.
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53. Panda, N., and Heinrichs, E. A.
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97. Gross, K. L., and Soule, J. D.,
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143. Davidson, J. L., and Milthorpe
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11Crop Disease andYield LossBrian D
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The conditions listed above are opt
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to associate the effects of disease
- Page 198 and 199:
general relationship between LAI an
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Biomassproduction(total dryweight)R
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Y RUE(t)RI(t)[1 X]dt [11.12]wher
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sue. The most accurate prediction o
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tion. Two weeks before harvest, the
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15. Spitters, C. J. T., Van Roermun
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57. Richardson, A. J., Wiegand, C.
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they were cheap, convenient, and ef
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dW / W dtcauses and consequences of
- Page 216 and 217:
(a)(b)Maize yield (Mg ha -1 )987654
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Recall that c is a constant, so by
- Page 220 and 221:
where the subscripts c and w repres
- Page 222 and 223:
0.6Fraction yield loss0.40.2Eq. 16,
- Page 224 and 225:
the leaf area index (LAI). Incorpor
- Page 226 and 227:
can no longer be tolerated and, the
- Page 228 and 229:
cide. Steckel et al. 68 showed that
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A eq ∑ jN eq,ji 1YL n,j [12.31]1
- Page 232 and 233:
samples per field. Thomas 85 sugges
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external factors such as annual wea
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38. Boznic, A. C., and Swanton, C.
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weeds, Weed Sci., 44, 856, 1996.79.
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competition and weed management. 3-
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per unit biomass (1/W i)(dW i/dt) o
- Page 244 and 245:
of light interception). Algorithms
- Page 246 and 247:
where G a,iis the water limited pla
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13.4 COMPETITION FOR SOIL NITROGENA
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As with soil water, Equations 13.10
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partitioning of nitrogen to leaves.
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and stems to optimize photosyntheti
- Page 256 and 257:
influence of enhanced UV-B conditio
- Page 258 and 259:
Systems Approaches at the Field Lev