Biotic Stress and Yield Loss

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143. Davidson, J. L., and Milthorpe, F. L., Leaf growth in Dactylis glomerata followingdefoliation, Ann. Bot., 30, 173, 1966.144. Richards, J. H., Plant response to grazing: the role of photosynthetic capacity and storedcarbon reserves, in Rangelands: A Resource Under Siege, Joss, P. J., Lynch, P. W., andWilliams, O. B., Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1986, 428.145. Ryle, G. J. A., and Powell, C. E., Defoliation and regrowth in the graminaceous plant: therole of current assimilate, Ann. Bot., 39, 297, 1975.146. Trlica, M. J., Distribution and utilization of carbohydrate reserves in range plants, inRangeland Plant Physiology, Sosebee, R. E., Ed., Soc. Range Management, Range Sci.Ser. No. 4, Denver, CO, 73, 1977.147. Schmid, B., Miao, S. L., and Bazzaz, F. A., Effects of simulated root herbivory and fertilizerapplication on growth and biomass allocation in the clonal perennial Solidagocanadensis, Oecologia, 84, 9, 1990.148. Godfrey, L. D., Meinke, L. J., and Wright, R. J., Vegetative and reproductive biomassaccumulation in field corn: response to root injury by western corn rootworm(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), J. Econ. Entomol., 86, 1557, 1993.149. Godfrey, L. D., Holtzer, T. O., Spomer, S. M., and Norman, J. M., European corn borer(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) tunneling and drought stress: effects on corn yield, J. Econ.Entomol., 84, 1850, 1991.150. Mott, J. J., Ludlow, M. M., Richards, J. H., and Parsons, A. D., Effects of moisture supplyin the dry season and subsequent defoliation of persistence of the Savanna grassesThemeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus and Panicum maximum, Aust. J. Agric. Res.,43, 241, 1992.151. Wallace, L. L., McNaughton, S. J., and Coughenour, M. B., Compensatory photosyntheticresponses of three African graminoids to different fertilization, watering, andclipping regimes, Bot. Gaz., 145, 151, 1984.152. Haile, F. J., Higley, L. G., Ni, X. Z., and Quisenberry, S. S., Physiological and growth tolerancein wheat to Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) injury, Environ.Entomol., 28, 787, 1999.153. Maschinski, J., and Whitham, T. G., The continuum of plant responses to herbivory:the influence of plant association, nutrient availability, and timing, Am. Nat., 134, 1,1989.154. Reader, R. J., Wilson, S. D., Belcher, J. W., Wisheu, I., Keddy, P. A., Tilman, D., Morris,E. C., Grace, J. B., and McGraw, J. B., Plant competition in relation to neighbor biomass:an intercontinental study with Poa pratensis, Ecology, 75, 1753, 1994.155. Grace, J. B., and Tilman, D., Perspectives on Plant Competition, Academic Press, SanDiego, 1990, 484.156. Caldwell, M. M., Plant requirements for prudent grazing, in Developing Strategies forRangeland Management, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1984, 117.157. Louda, S. M., Keeler, K. H., and Holt, R. D., Herbivore influences on plant performanceand competitive interactions, in Perspectives on Plant Competition, Grace, J. B., andTilman, D., Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, 1990, 413.158. Weiner, J., Asymmetric competition in plant populations, Trends Ecol. Evol., 5, 360,1990.159. Mutikainen, P., Walls, M., and Ojala, A., Effects of simulated herbivory on tillering andreproduction in an annual ryegrass, Lolium remotum, Oecologia, 95, 54, 1993.160. Painter, E. L., Detling, J. K., and Steingraeber, D. A., Grazing history, defoliation, andfrequency-dependent competition: effects on two North American grasses, Am. J. Bot.,76, 1368, 1989.
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Biotic Stressand Yield Loss
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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PrefaceThe idea for this book came
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EditorsRobert K. D. Peterson, Ph.D.
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ContentsChapter 1Illuminating the B
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1Illuminating the Black Box:The Rel
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increase plant tolerance, through p
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the action of a stressor on a plant
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The magnitude and duration of injur
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Plant part injuredrefers to the pla
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cific competition, while agricultur
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2Yield Loss and PestManagementLeon
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direct relationships between the ac
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In keeping with the theme of this b
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egressions. Actually, the title “
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REFERENCES1. Teng, P. S., Crop Loss
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3Techniques for EvaluatingYield Los
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number of species and stage of cutw
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especially if buried in soil, can d
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elationships for some pests. When m
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injury can be precisely controlled
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day. 81, 99 However, except for an
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the literature most likely are actu
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20. Ba-Angood, S. A., and Stewart,
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60. Stewart, J. G., McRae, K. B., a
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99. Shields, E. J., and Wyman, J. A
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4.3.3.1.3 Third generation European
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ing on the developmental stage at t
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4.2.2.1.2 Temperature stressPlant s
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chronic injury. Acute injury result
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ows, roadsides, or small grain fiel
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numbers are present. Stink bugs, Eu
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Oligonychus pratensis, feed on corn
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ECB2. 224.3.3.1.4 The impacts of Eu
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stalk borer, Papaipema nebris, is a
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period prolonged with sufficient co
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Arthropod injuries to developing ea
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esponses to herbivory have been obs
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Midwest, Purdue University CES and
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59. Bailey, W. C., and Pedigo, L. P
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5Phenological Disruptionand Yield L
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ity by animal consumers is the agro
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ously, structural components (e.g.,
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FIGURE 5.2 Generalized alfalfa grow
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601, 1972.9. Gordon, C. H., Derbysh
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do we know about how biotic stresso
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ing both large and small leaf veins
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population. Whole plants may respon
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temporally and spatially, are more
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some systems have allowed for a tra
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injury guilds would center on the f
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apple leaves, HortScience, 19, 815,
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7The Influence of Cultivarand Plant
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unit ground area, and it indicates
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without considering plant architect
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photosynthesis. Regardless of the n
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light interception. 45 Skeletonizin
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Light interception, which intrinsic
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var. Consequently, use of a single
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19. Jarosik, V., Phytoseiulus persi
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62. Caviness, C. E., Registration o
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8Drought Stress, Insects,and Yield
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humidity. Because the relative humi
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temperature and precipitation. Prop
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compared to well watered soybeans.
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Changes in plant hormones, such as
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plays a key role in promoting plant
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In soybeans, a leaf area index (LAI
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15. Schulze, E. D., Water and nutri
Page 140 and 141: 52. Meyer W. S., and Walker, S., Le
Page 142 and 143: 9The Impact of Herbivoryon Plants:
Page 144 and 145: conditions of stress are themselves
Page 146 and 147: are common, defenses to avoid herbi
Page 148 and 149: plant tissue, resulting in gall for
Page 150 and 151: found on cucumbers in polycultures
Page 152 and 153: compensatory response. Also, more v
Page 154 and 155: Costa Rica, and there are several g
Page 156 and 157: ivory from white cabbage butterfly
Page 158 and 159: made, while larger vertebrate herbi
Page 160 and 161: important consequences to plant fit
Page 162 and 163: de Entomol., 38, 421, 1994.32. Kare
Page 164 and 165: chlorophyll content in spider mite
Page 166 and 167: 114. Karban, R., and Strauss, S.Y.,
Page 168 and 169: 10Stephen C. WelterCONTENTSContrast
Page 170 and 171: Although literature is drawn from a
Page 172 and 173: and wheat acres receiving some type
Page 174 and 175: pattern to be true. 109 Because rel
Page 176 and 177: used in the experiment influenced t
Page 178 and 179: artificially elevated nitrogen leve
Page 180 and 181: annual, landrace cultivars, or mode
Page 182 and 183: settings are coupled with genotype
Page 184 and 185: 10. Kennedy, G. G., and Barbour, J.
Page 186 and 187: 53. Panda, N., and Heinrichs, E. A.
Page 188 and 189: 97. Gross, K. L., and Soule, J. D.,
Page 192 and 193: 11Crop Disease andYield LossBrian D
Page 194 and 195: The conditions listed above are opt
Page 196 and 197: to associate the effects of disease
Page 198 and 199: general relationship between LAI an
Page 200 and 201: Biomassproduction(total dryweight)R
Page 202 and 203: Y RUE(t)RI(t)[1 X]dt [11.12]wher
Page 204 and 205: sue. The most accurate prediction o
Page 206 and 207: tion. Two weeks before harvest, the
Page 208 and 209: 15. Spitters, C. J. T., Van Roermun
Page 210 and 211: 57. Richardson, A. J., Wiegand, C.
Page 212 and 213: they were cheap, convenient, and ef
Page 214 and 215: dW / W dtcauses and consequences of
Page 216 and 217: (a)(b)Maize yield (Mg ha -1 )987654
Page 218 and 219: Recall that c is a constant, so by
Page 220 and 221: where the subscripts c and w repres
Page 222 and 223: 0.6Fraction yield loss0.40.2Eq. 16,
Page 224 and 225: the leaf area index (LAI). Incorpor
Page 226 and 227: can no longer be tolerated and, the
Page 228 and 229: cide. Steckel et al. 68 showed that
Page 230 and 231: A eq ∑ jN eq,ji 1YL n,j [12.31]1
Page 232 and 233: samples per field. Thomas 85 sugges
Page 234 and 235: external factors such as annual wea
Page 236 and 237: 38. Boznic, A. C., and Swanton, C.
Page 238 and 239: weeds, Weed Sci., 44, 856, 1996.79.
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competition and weed management. 3-
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per unit biomass (1/W i)(dW i/dt) o
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of light interception). Algorithms
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where G a,iis the water limited pla
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13.4 COMPETITION FOR SOIL NITROGENA
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As with soil water, Equations 13.10
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partitioning of nitrogen to leaves.
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and stems to optimize photosyntheti
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influence of enhanced UV-B conditio
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Systems Approaches at the Field Lev
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