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Biotic Stressand Yield Loss
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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PrefaceThe idea for this book came
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EditorsRobert K. D. Peterson, Ph.D.
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ContentsChapter 1Illuminating the B
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1Illuminating the Black Box:The Rel
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increase plant tolerance, through p
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the action of a stressor on a plant
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The magnitude and duration of injur
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Plant part injuredrefers to the pla
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cific competition, while agricultur
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2Yield Loss and PestManagementLeon
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direct relationships between the ac
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In keeping with the theme of this b
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egressions. Actually, the title “
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REFERENCES1. Teng, P. S., Crop Loss
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3Techniques for EvaluatingYield Los
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number of species and stage of cutw
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especially if buried in soil, can d
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elationships for some pests. When m
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injury can be precisely controlled
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day. 81, 99 However, except for an
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the literature most likely are actu
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20. Ba-Angood, S. A., and Stewart,
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60. Stewart, J. G., McRae, K. B., a
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99. Shields, E. J., and Wyman, J. A
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4.3.3.1.3 Third generation European
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ing on the developmental stage at t
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4.2.2.1.2 Temperature stressPlant s
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chronic injury. Acute injury result
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ows, roadsides, or small grain fiel
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numbers are present. Stink bugs, Eu
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Oligonychus pratensis, feed on corn
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ECB2. 224.3.3.1.4 The impacts of Eu
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stalk borer, Papaipema nebris, is a
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period prolonged with sufficient co
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Arthropod injuries to developing ea
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esponses to herbivory have been obs
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Midwest, Purdue University CES and
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59. Bailey, W. C., and Pedigo, L. P
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5Phenological Disruptionand Yield L
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ity by animal consumers is the agro
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ously, structural components (e.g.,
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FIGURE 5.2 Generalized alfalfa grow
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601, 1972.9. Gordon, C. H., Derbysh
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do we know about how biotic stresso
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ing both large and small leaf veins
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population. Whole plants may respon
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temporally and spatially, are more
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some systems have allowed for a tra
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injury guilds would center on the f
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apple leaves, HortScience, 19, 815,
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7The Influence of Cultivarand Plant
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unit ground area, and it indicates
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without considering plant architect
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photosynthesis. Regardless of the n
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- Page 120 and 121: 19. Jarosik, V., Phytoseiulus persi
- Page 122 and 123: 62. Caviness, C. E., Registration o
- Page 124 and 125: 8Drought Stress, Insects,and Yield
- Page 126 and 127: humidity. Because the relative humi
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- Page 130 and 131: compared to well watered soybeans.
- Page 132 and 133: Changes in plant hormones, such as
- Page 134 and 135: plays a key role in promoting plant
- Page 136 and 137: In soybeans, a leaf area index (LAI
- Page 138 and 139: 15. Schulze, E. D., Water and nutri
- Page 140 and 141: 52. Meyer W. S., and Walker, S., Le
- Page 142 and 143: 9The Impact of Herbivoryon Plants:
- Page 144 and 145: conditions of stress are themselves
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- Page 148 and 149: plant tissue, resulting in gall for
- Page 150 and 151: found on cucumbers in polycultures
- Page 152 and 153: compensatory response. Also, more v
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- Page 158 and 159: made, while larger vertebrate herbi
- Page 160 and 161: important consequences to plant fit
- Page 162 and 163: de Entomol., 38, 421, 1994.32. Kare
- Page 166 and 167: 114. Karban, R., and Strauss, S.Y.,
- Page 168 and 169: 10Stephen C. WelterCONTENTSContrast
- Page 170 and 171: Although literature is drawn from a
- Page 172 and 173: and wheat acres receiving some type
- Page 174 and 175: pattern to be true. 109 Because rel
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- Page 178 and 179: artificially elevated nitrogen leve
- Page 180 and 181: annual, landrace cultivars, or mode
- Page 182 and 183: settings are coupled with genotype
- Page 184 and 185: 10. Kennedy, G. G., and Barbour, J.
- Page 186 and 187: 53. Panda, N., and Heinrichs, E. A.
- Page 188 and 189: 97. Gross, K. L., and Soule, J. D.,
- Page 190 and 191: 143. Davidson, J. L., and Milthorpe
- Page 192 and 193: 11Crop Disease andYield LossBrian D
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- Page 204 and 205: sue. The most accurate prediction o
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- Page 208 and 209: 15. Spitters, C. J. T., Van Roermun
- Page 210 and 211: 57. Richardson, A. J., Wiegand, C.
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dW / W dtcauses and consequences of
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(a)(b)Maize yield (Mg ha -1 )987654
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Recall that c is a constant, so by
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where the subscripts c and w repres
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0.6Fraction yield loss0.40.2Eq. 16,
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the leaf area index (LAI). Incorpor
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can no longer be tolerated and, the
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cide. Steckel et al. 68 showed that
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A eq ∑ jN eq,ji 1YL n,j [12.31]1
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samples per field. Thomas 85 sugges
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external factors such as annual wea
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38. Boznic, A. C., and Swanton, C.
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weeds, Weed Sci., 44, 856, 1996.79.
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competition and weed management. 3-
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per unit biomass (1/W i)(dW i/dt) o
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of light interception). Algorithms
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where G a,iis the water limited pla
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13.4 COMPETITION FOR SOIL NITROGENA
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As with soil water, Equations 13.10
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partitioning of nitrogen to leaves.
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and stems to optimize photosyntheti
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influence of enhanced UV-B conditio
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Systems Approaches at the Field Lev