Biotic Stress and Yield Loss

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52. Meyer W. S., and Walker, S., Leaflet orientation in water-stressed soybeans, Agron. J., 73,1071, 1981.53. Oosterhuis, D. M., Walker, S., and Eastham, J., Soybean leaflet movement as an indicatorof crop water stress, Crop Sci., 25, 1101, 1985.54. Hay, R. K. M., and Walker, A. J., An Introduction to the Physiology of Crop Yield,Longman and John Wiley, New York, 1989.55. Trumble, J. T., Kolodny-Hirsch, D. M., and Ting, I. P., Plant compensation to arthropodherbivory, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 38, 93, 1993.56. Zuber, M. S., Musick, G. J., and Fairchild, M. L., A method of evaluating corn strains fortolerance to the Western corn rootworm, J. Econ. Entomol., 64, 514, 1971.57. Owens, J. C., Peters, D. C., and Hallauer, A. R., Corn rootworm tolerance in maize,Environ. Entomol., 3, 767, 1974.58. Riedell, W. E., and Evenson, P. D., Rootworm feeding tolerance in single-cross maizehybrids from different eras, Crop Sci., 33, 951, 1993.59. Bloom, A. J., Chapin III, F. S., and Mooney, H. A., Resource limitation in plants — an economicanalogy, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 16, 363, 1985.60. Bryant, J. P., Chapin III, F. S., and Klien, D. R., Carbon/nutrient balance of boreal plantsin relation to herbivory, Oikos, 40, 357, 1983.61. Chapin III, F. S., Integrated responses of plants to stress: a centralized system of physiologicalresponse, BioScience, 41, 29, 1991.62. Haile, F. J, Higley, L. G., and Specht, J. E., Soybean cultivars and insect defoliation: yieldloss and economic injury levels, Agron. J., 90, 344, 1998a.63. Haile, F. J, Higley, L. G., Specht, J. E., and Spomer, S. M., The role of leaf morphology insoybean tolerance to defoliation, Agron. J., 90, 353, 1998b.64. Herms, D. A., and Mattson, W. J., The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend, Q. Rev. Biol.,67, 283, 1992.65. Coley, P. D., Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in lowland tropicalforest, Ecol. Monogr., 53, 209, 1983.66. McNaughton, S. J., Compensatory plant growth as a response to herbivory, Oikos, 40, 329,1983.67. Paige, K. N., and Whitham, T. G., Overcompensation in response to mammalian herbivory:the advantage of being eaten, Am. Nat., 129, 407, 1987.68. Welter, S. C., and Steggall, J. W., Responses of tomato to simulated and real herbivoryby tobacco hornworm (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), Environ. Entomol., 20, 1537,1993.69. Castro, A. M., Rumi, C. P., and Arriaga, H. O., Influence of greenbug root growth of resistantand susceptible barley genotypes, Environ. Exp. Bot., 28, 61, 1988.70. McPherson, H. G., and Boyer, J. S., Regulation of grain yield by photosynthesis in maizesubjected to water deficiency, Agron. J., 69, 714, 1977.71. Ashley, D. A., and Ethridge, W. J., Irrigation effects of vegetative and reproductivedevelopment of three soybean cultivars, Agron. J., 70, 467, 1978.72. Souza P. I. De., Egli, D. B., and Bruening, W. P., Water stress during filling and leaf senescencein soybean, Agron. J., 89, 807, 1997.73. Hammond, R. B., and Pedigo, L. P., Determination of yield-loss relationships for two soybeandefoliators by using simulated insect-defoliation techniques, J. Econ. Entomol., 75,102, 1982.74. Ostlie, K. R., and Pedigo, L. P., Soybean response to simulated green cloverworm(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) defoliation: progress toward determining comprehensive economicinjury levels, J. Econ. Entomol., 78, 437, 1985.
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Biotic Stressand Yield Loss
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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PrefaceThe idea for this book came
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EditorsRobert K. D. Peterson, Ph.D.
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ContentsChapter 1Illuminating the B
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1Illuminating the Black Box:The Rel
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increase plant tolerance, through p
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the action of a stressor on a plant
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The magnitude and duration of injur
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Plant part injuredrefers to the pla
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cific competition, while agricultur
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2Yield Loss and PestManagementLeon
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direct relationships between the ac
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In keeping with the theme of this b
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egressions. Actually, the title “
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REFERENCES1. Teng, P. S., Crop Loss
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3Techniques for EvaluatingYield Los
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number of species and stage of cutw
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especially if buried in soil, can d
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elationships for some pests. When m
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injury can be precisely controlled
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day. 81, 99 However, except for an
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the literature most likely are actu
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20. Ba-Angood, S. A., and Stewart,
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60. Stewart, J. G., McRae, K. B., a
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99. Shields, E. J., and Wyman, J. A
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4.3.3.1.3 Third generation European
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ing on the developmental stage at t
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4.2.2.1.2 Temperature stressPlant s
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chronic injury. Acute injury result
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ows, roadsides, or small grain fiel
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numbers are present. Stink bugs, Eu
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Oligonychus pratensis, feed on corn
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ECB2. 224.3.3.1.4 The impacts of Eu
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stalk borer, Papaipema nebris, is a
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period prolonged with sufficient co
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Arthropod injuries to developing ea
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esponses to herbivory have been obs
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Midwest, Purdue University CES and
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59. Bailey, W. C., and Pedigo, L. P
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5Phenological Disruptionand Yield L
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ity by animal consumers is the agro
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ously, structural components (e.g.,
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FIGURE 5.2 Generalized alfalfa grow
Page 90 and 91: 601, 1972.9. Gordon, C. H., Derbysh
Page 92 and 93: do we know about how biotic stresso
Page 94 and 95: ing both large and small leaf veins
Page 96 and 97: population. Whole plants may respon
Page 98 and 99: temporally and spatially, are more
Page 100 and 101: some systems have allowed for a tra
Page 102 and 103: injury guilds would center on the f
Page 104 and 105: apple leaves, HortScience, 19, 815,
Page 106 and 107: 7The Influence of Cultivarand Plant
Page 108 and 109: unit ground area, and it indicates
Page 110 and 111: without considering plant architect
Page 112 and 113: photosynthesis. Regardless of the n
Page 114 and 115: light interception. 45 Skeletonizin
Page 116 and 117: Light interception, which intrinsic
Page 118 and 119: var. Consequently, use of a single
Page 120 and 121: 19. Jarosik, V., Phytoseiulus persi
Page 122 and 123: 62. Caviness, C. E., Registration o
Page 124 and 125: 8Drought Stress, Insects,and Yield
Page 126 and 127: humidity. Because the relative humi
Page 128 and 129: temperature and precipitation. Prop
Page 130 and 131: compared to well watered soybeans.
Page 132 and 133: Changes in plant hormones, such as
Page 134 and 135: plays a key role in promoting plant
Page 136 and 137: In soybeans, a leaf area index (LAI
Page 138 and 139: 15. Schulze, E. D., Water and nutri
Page 142 and 143: 9The Impact of Herbivoryon Plants:
Page 144 and 145: conditions of stress are themselves
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Page 148 and 149: plant tissue, resulting in gall for
Page 150 and 151: found on cucumbers in polycultures
Page 152 and 153: compensatory response. Also, more v
Page 154 and 155: Costa Rica, and there are several g
Page 156 and 157: ivory from white cabbage butterfly
Page 158 and 159: made, while larger vertebrate herbi
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Page 162 and 163: de Entomol., 38, 421, 1994.32. Kare
Page 164 and 165: chlorophyll content in spider mite
Page 166 and 167: 114. Karban, R., and Strauss, S.Y.,
Page 168 and 169: 10Stephen C. WelterCONTENTSContrast
Page 170 and 171: Although literature is drawn from a
Page 172 and 173: and wheat acres receiving some type
Page 174 and 175: pattern to be true. 109 Because rel
Page 176 and 177: used in the experiment influenced t
Page 178 and 179: artificially elevated nitrogen leve
Page 180 and 181: annual, landrace cultivars, or mode
Page 182 and 183: settings are coupled with genotype
Page 184 and 185: 10. Kennedy, G. G., and Barbour, J.
Page 186 and 187: 53. Panda, N., and Heinrichs, E. A.
Page 188 and 189: 97. Gross, K. L., and Soule, J. D.,
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143. Davidson, J. L., and Milthorpe
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11Crop Disease andYield LossBrian D
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The conditions listed above are opt
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to associate the effects of disease
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general relationship between LAI an
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Biomassproduction(total dryweight)R
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Y RUE(t)RI(t)[1 X]dt [11.12]wher
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sue. The most accurate prediction o
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tion. Two weeks before harvest, the
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15. Spitters, C. J. T., Van Roermun
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57. Richardson, A. J., Wiegand, C.
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they were cheap, convenient, and ef
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dW / W dtcauses and consequences of
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(a)(b)Maize yield (Mg ha -1 )987654
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Recall that c is a constant, so by
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where the subscripts c and w repres
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0.6Fraction yield loss0.40.2Eq. 16,
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the leaf area index (LAI). Incorpor
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can no longer be tolerated and, the
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cide. Steckel et al. 68 showed that
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A eq ∑ jN eq,ji 1YL n,j [12.31]1
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samples per field. Thomas 85 sugges
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external factors such as annual wea
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38. Boznic, A. C., and Swanton, C.
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weeds, Weed Sci., 44, 856, 1996.79.
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competition and weed management. 3-
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per unit biomass (1/W i)(dW i/dt) o
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of light interception). Algorithms
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where G a,iis the water limited pla
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13.4 COMPETITION FOR SOIL NITROGENA
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As with soil water, Equations 13.10
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partitioning of nitrogen to leaves.
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and stems to optimize photosyntheti
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influence of enhanced UV-B conditio
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Systems Approaches at the Field Lev
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