15. Spitters, C. J. T., Van Roermund, H. J. W., Van Nassau, H. G. M. G., Schepers, J., <strong>and</strong>Kesdag, J., Genetic variation in partial resistance to leaf rust in winter wheat: diseaseprogress, foliage senescence <strong>and</strong> yield reduction, Neth. J. Plant Pathol., 96, 3, 1990.16. Bryson, R. J., Sylvester-Bradley, R., Scott, R. K., <strong>and</strong> Pavely, N. D., Reconciling theeffects of yellow rust on yield of winter wheat through measurements of green leaf area<strong>and</strong> radiation interception, Aspects Appl. Biol., 42, 9, 1995.17. Shtienberg, D., Bergeron, S. N., Nicholoson, A. G., Fry, W. E., <strong>and</strong> Ewing, E. E.,Development <strong>and</strong> evaluation of a general model for yield loss assessment in potatoes,Phytopathology, 80, 466, 1990.18. Jones, H. G., Plants <strong>and</strong> Microclimate, Cambridge University Press, London, 1983,chap. 2.19. Khurana, S. C., <strong>and</strong> McLaren, J. S., The influence of leaf area, light interception <strong>and</strong> seasonon potato growth, Potato Res., 25, 329, 1982.20. Watson, D. J., Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops. I. Variationin net assimilation rate <strong>and</strong> leaf area between species <strong>and</strong> varieties, <strong>and</strong> within <strong>and</strong>between years, Ann. Bot., 11, 41, 1947.21. Watson, D. J., The dependence of net assimilation rate on leaf area index, Ann. Bot., 22,37, 1958.22. Monteith, J. L., Climate <strong>and</strong> the efficiency of crop production in Britain, Philos. Trans. R.Soc. London, B281, 277, 1977.23. Gallagher, J. N., <strong>and</strong> Biscoe, P. V., Radiation absorption, growth <strong>and</strong> yield of cereals,J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge, 91, 47, 1978.24. Boote, K. J., Jones, J. W., Mishoe, J. W., <strong>and</strong> Berger, R. D., Coupling pests to crop growthsimulators to predict yield reductions, Phytopathology, 73, 1581, 1983.25. Johnson, K. B., Evaluation of a mechanistic model that describes potato crop lossescaused by multiple pests, Phytopathology, 82, 363, 1992.26. Johnson, K. B., Teng, P. S., <strong>and</strong> Radcliffe, E. B., Analysis of potato foliage losses causedby interacting infestations of early blight, Verticillium wilt, <strong>and</strong> potato leafhopper, <strong>and</strong> therelationship to yield, J. Plant Dis. Prot., 94, 22, 1987.27. Waggoner, P. E., <strong>and</strong> Berger, R. D., Defoliation, disease, <strong>and</strong> growth, Phytopathology, 77,393, 1987.28. Rotem, J., Bashi, E., <strong>and</strong> Kranz, J., Studies of crop loss in potato blight caused byPhytophthora infestans, Plant Pathol., 32, 117, 1983.29. Rotem, J., Kranz, J., <strong>and</strong> Bashi, E., Measurements of healthy <strong>and</strong> diseased haulm area forassessing late blight epidemics in potatoes, Plant Pathol., 32, 109, 1983.30. Johnson, K. B., Defoliation, disease, <strong>and</strong> growth: a reply, Phytopathology, 77, 1495, 1987.31. Bergamin Filho, A., Carneiro, S. M. T. P. G., Godoy, C. V., Amorim, L., Berger, R. D., <strong>and</strong>Hau, B., Angular leaf spot of Phaseolus beans: relationships between disease, healthy leafarea, <strong>and</strong> yield, Phytopathology, 87, 506, 1997.32. Last, F. T., Effect of powdery mildew on yield of spring-sown barley, Plant Pathol., 4, 22,1955.33. Last, F. T., Analysis of the effects of Erysiphe graminis DC on the growth of barley, Ann.Bot., 26, 279, 1962.34. Carver, T. L. W., <strong>and</strong> Griffiths, E., Relationship between powdery mildew infection, greenleaf area <strong>and</strong> grain yield of barley, Ann. Appl. Biol., 99, 255, 1981.35. Jenkyn, J. F., Effects of mildew (Erysiphe graminis) on green leaf area of Zephyr springbarley, 1973, Ann. Appl. Biol., 82, 485, 1976.36. Jenkyn, J. F., Effects of mildew on the growth <strong>and</strong> yield of spring barley: 1969–72, Ann.
Appl. Biol., 82, 485, 1976.37. Lim, L. G., <strong>and</strong> Gaunt, R. E., Leaf area as a factor in disease assessment, J. Agric. Sci.Cambridge, 97, 481, 1981.38. Wright, A. C., <strong>and</strong> Gaunt, R. E., Disease-yield relationships in barley. I. <strong>Yield</strong>, dry matteraccumulation <strong>and</strong> yield loss models, Plant Pathol., 41, 676, 1992.39. Daamen, R. A., Assessment of the profile of powdery mildew <strong>and</strong> its damage function atlow disease intensities in field experiments with winter wheat, Neth. J. Plant Pathol., 95,85, 1989.40. Rabbinge, R., Jorritsma, I. T. M., <strong>and</strong> Schans, J., Damage components of powdery mildewin winter wheat, Neth. J. Plant Pathol., 91, 235, 1985.41. Haigh, G. R., Carver, T. L. W., Gay, A. P., <strong>and</strong> Farrar, J. F., Respiration <strong>and</strong> photosynthesisin oats exhibiting different levels of partial resistance to Erysiphe graminis D.C. exMerat f. sp. avenae Marchal, New Phytol., 119, 129, 1991.42. Balkema-Boomstra, A. G., <strong>and</strong> Mastebroek, H. D., Effect of powdery mildew (Erysiphegraminis f.sp. hordei) on photosynthesis <strong>and</strong> grain yield of partially resistant geneotypesof spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Euphyticxa, 126,1995.43. Haverkort, A. J., <strong>and</strong> Bicamumpaka M., Correlation between intercepted radiation <strong>and</strong>yield of potato crops infested by Phytophthora infestans in central Africa, Neth. J. PlantPathol., 92, 239, 1986.44. Van Oijen, M., Photosynthesis is not impaired in healthy tissue <strong>and</strong> blighted potato plants,Neth. J. Plant Pathol., 96, 55, 1990.45. Bastiaans, L., Effects of leaf blast on photosynthesis of rice. I. Leaf photosynthesis, Neth.J. Plant Pathol., 99, 197, 1993.46. Bastiaans, L., Ratio between virtual <strong>and</strong> visual lesion size as a measure to describereduction in leaf photosynthesis of rice due to leaf blast, Phytopathology, 81, 611,1991.47. Ephrath, J. E., Shteinberg, D., Drieshpoun, J., Dinoor, A, <strong>and</strong> Marani, A., Alternaria alternatain cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cv. Acala: effects on gas exchange, yield components<strong>and</strong> yield accumulation, Neth. J. Plant Pathol., 95, 157, 1989.48. Balach<strong>and</strong>ran, S., Hurry, V. M., Kelly, S. E., Osmond, C. B., Robinson, S. A., Rohoszinski,J., Seaton, G. G. R., <strong>and</strong> Sims, D. A., Concepts of plant biotic stress. Some insights intothe stress of virus-infected plants, from the perspective of photosynthesis, Physiol. Plant.,100, 203, 1997.49. Gent, M. P., Ferr<strong>and</strong>ino, F. J., <strong>and</strong> Elmer, W. H., Effect of verticillium wilt on gas exchangeof entire eggplants, Can. J. Bot., 73, 557, 1995.50. Bowden, R. L., <strong>and</strong> Rouse, D. I., Chronology of gas exchange effects <strong>and</strong> growth effectsof infection by Verticillium dahliae in potato, Phytopathology, 81, 301, 1991.51. Bowden, R. L., <strong>and</strong> Rouse, D. I., Effects Verticillium dahliae on gas exchange of potato,Phytopathology, 81, 293, 1991.52. Haverkort, A. J., Rouse, D. I., <strong>and</strong> Turkensteen, L. J., The influence of Verticillium dahliae<strong>and</strong> drought on potato crop growth. I. Effects on gas exchange <strong>and</strong> stomatal behaviour ofindividual leaves <strong>and</strong> crop canopies, Neth. J. Plant Pathol., 96, 273, 1990.53. Lorenzini, G., Guidi, L., Nali, C., Ciompi, S., <strong>and</strong> Soldatini, G. F., Photosynthetic responseof tomato plants to vascular wilt diseases, Plant Sci., 124, 143, 1997.54. Luo, Y., Teng, P. S., Fabellar, N. G., <strong>and</strong> TeBeest, D. O., A rice-leaf blast combined modelfor simulation of epidemics <strong>and</strong> yield loss, Agric. Syst., 53, 27, 1997.55. Hang, A. N., McCloud, D. E., Boote, K. J., <strong>and</strong> Duncan, W. G., Shade effects on growth,partitioning, <strong>and</strong> yield components of peanuts, Crop Sci., 24, 109, 1984.56. Nutter, F. W., Jr., <strong>and</strong> Littrell, R. H., Relationship between defoliation, canopy reflectance<strong>and</strong> pod yield in the peanut-late leafspot pathosytem, Crop Prot., 15, 135, 1996.
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Biotic Stressand Yield Loss
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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PrefaceThe idea for this book came
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EditorsRobert K. D. Peterson, Ph.D.
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ContentsChapter 1Illuminating the B
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1Illuminating the Black Box:The Rel
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increase plant tolerance, through p
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the action of a stressor on a plant
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The magnitude and duration of injur
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Plant part injuredrefers to the pla
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cific competition, while agricultur
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2Yield Loss and PestManagementLeon
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direct relationships between the ac
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In keeping with the theme of this b
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egressions. Actually, the title “
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REFERENCES1. Teng, P. S., Crop Loss
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3Techniques for EvaluatingYield Los
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number of species and stage of cutw
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especially if buried in soil, can d
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elationships for some pests. When m
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injury can be precisely controlled
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day. 81, 99 However, except for an
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the literature most likely are actu
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20. Ba-Angood, S. A., and Stewart,
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60. Stewart, J. G., McRae, K. B., a
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99. Shields, E. J., and Wyman, J. A
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4.3.3.1.3 Third generation European
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ing on the developmental stage at t
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4.2.2.1.2 Temperature stressPlant s
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chronic injury. Acute injury result
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ows, roadsides, or small grain fiel
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numbers are present. Stink bugs, Eu
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Oligonychus pratensis, feed on corn
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ECB2. 224.3.3.1.4 The impacts of Eu
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stalk borer, Papaipema nebris, is a
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period prolonged with sufficient co
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Arthropod injuries to developing ea
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esponses to herbivory have been obs
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Midwest, Purdue University CES and
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59. Bailey, W. C., and Pedigo, L. P
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5Phenological Disruptionand Yield L
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ity by animal consumers is the agro
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ously, structural components (e.g.,
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FIGURE 5.2 Generalized alfalfa grow
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601, 1972.9. Gordon, C. H., Derbysh
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do we know about how biotic stresso
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ing both large and small leaf veins
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population. Whole plants may respon
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temporally and spatially, are more
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some systems have allowed for a tra
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injury guilds would center on the f
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apple leaves, HortScience, 19, 815,
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7The Influence of Cultivarand Plant
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unit ground area, and it indicates
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without considering plant architect
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photosynthesis. Regardless of the n
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light interception. 45 Skeletonizin
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Light interception, which intrinsic
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var. Consequently, use of a single
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19. Jarosik, V., Phytoseiulus persi
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62. Caviness, C. E., Registration o
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8Drought Stress, Insects,and Yield
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humidity. Because the relative humi
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temperature and precipitation. Prop
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compared to well watered soybeans.
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Changes in plant hormones, such as
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plays a key role in promoting plant
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In soybeans, a leaf area index (LAI
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15. Schulze, E. D., Water and nutri
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52. Meyer W. S., and Walker, S., Le
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9The Impact of Herbivoryon Plants:
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conditions of stress are themselves
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are common, defenses to avoid herbi
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plant tissue, resulting in gall for
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found on cucumbers in polycultures
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compensatory response. Also, more v
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Costa Rica, and there are several g
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ivory from white cabbage butterfly
- Page 158 and 159: made, while larger vertebrate herbi
- Page 160 and 161: important consequences to plant fit
- Page 162 and 163: de Entomol., 38, 421, 1994.32. Kare
- Page 164 and 165: chlorophyll content in spider mite
- Page 166 and 167: 114. Karban, R., and Strauss, S.Y.,
- Page 168 and 169: 10Stephen C. WelterCONTENTSContrast
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- Page 174 and 175: pattern to be true. 109 Because rel
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- Page 178 and 179: artificially elevated nitrogen leve
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- Page 182 and 183: settings are coupled with genotype
- Page 184 and 185: 10. Kennedy, G. G., and Barbour, J.
- Page 186 and 187: 53. Panda, N., and Heinrichs, E. A.
- Page 188 and 189: 97. Gross, K. L., and Soule, J. D.,
- Page 190 and 191: 143. Davidson, J. L., and Milthorpe
- Page 192 and 193: 11Crop Disease andYield LossBrian D
- Page 194 and 195: The conditions listed above are opt
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- Page 198 and 199: general relationship between LAI an
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- Page 202 and 203: Y RUE(t)RI(t)[1 X]dt [11.12]wher
- Page 204 and 205: sue. The most accurate prediction o
- Page 206 and 207: tion. Two weeks before harvest, the
- Page 210 and 211: 57. Richardson, A. J., Wiegand, C.
- Page 212 and 213: they were cheap, convenient, and ef
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- Page 216 and 217: (a)(b)Maize yield (Mg ha -1 )987654
- Page 218 and 219: Recall that c is a constant, so by
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- Page 222 and 223: 0.6Fraction yield loss0.40.2Eq. 16,
- Page 224 and 225: the leaf area index (LAI). Incorpor
- Page 226 and 227: can no longer be tolerated and, the
- Page 228 and 229: cide. Steckel et al. 68 showed that
- Page 230 and 231: A eq ∑ jN eq,ji 1YL n,j [12.31]1
- Page 232 and 233: samples per field. Thomas 85 sugges
- Page 234 and 235: external factors such as annual wea
- Page 236 and 237: 38. Boznic, A. C., and Swanton, C.
- Page 238 and 239: weeds, Weed Sci., 44, 856, 1996.79.
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- Page 244 and 245: of light interception). Algorithms
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- Page 250 and 251: As with soil water, Equations 13.10
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Systems Approaches at the Field Lev